Ciba Foundation Symposium 145 - Carbohydrate Recognition in Cellular Function

303 Pages·18.171 MB·English

CARBOHYDRATE
RECOGNITION IN
CELLULAR FUNCTION
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Ciba Foundation Symposium 145
CARBOHYDRATE
RECOGNITION IN
CELLULAR FUNCTION
A Wiley-lnterscience Publication
1989
JOHN WILEY & SONS
Chichester New York . Brisbane Toronto . Singapore
OCiba Foundation 1989
Published in 1989 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK.
Suggested series entry for library catalogues:
Ciba Foundation Symposia
Ciba Foundation Symposium 145
x +294 pages, 69 figures, 24 tables
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Carbohydrate recognition in cellular function.
p. cm.-(Ciba Foundation symposium ; 145)
‘Symposium on Carbohydrate Recognition in Cellular Function, held
at the Ciba Foundation, London, 15-17 November 1988.’
‘Editors: Gregory Bock (organizer) and Sara Harnett.’
‘A Wiley-Interscience publication.’
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
ISBN 0 471 92307 9
1. Cell receptors-Congresses. 2. Carbohydrates-Congresses.
3. Cellular recognition-Congresses. I. Bock, Gregory.
11. Harnett, Sara. 111. Symposium on Carbohydrate Recognition in
Cellular Function (1988: Ciba Foundation) IV. Series.
QH603.C43C37 1989
574.87’6-dc20 89-9153
CIP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Carbohydrate recognition in cellular function.
1. Mammals. Carbohydrates. Metabolism
I. Series
599.01 ’924
ISBN 0 471 92307 9
Phototypeset by Dobbie Typesetting Limited, Devon.
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bath Press, Bath, Avon.
Contents
Symposium on Carbohydrate Recognition in Cellular Function, held at the
Ciba Foundation, London, 15-1 7 November 1988
The topic for this symposium was proposed by Dr T. Feizi
Editors: Gregory Bock (Organizer) and Sara Harnett
E. Ruoslahti Introduction 1
J. P. Carver, S. W. Michnick, A. Imberty and D. A. Cumming
Oligosaccharide-protein interactions: a three-dimensional view 6
Discussion 18
M. P. Czech, R. E. Lewis and S. Corvera Multifunctional glycoprotein
receptors for insulin and the insulin-like growth factors 27
Discussion 42
K. Drickamer Multiple subfamilies of carbohydrate recognition domains
in animal lectins 45
Discussion 58
T. Feizi Glycoprotein oligosaccharides as recognition structures 62
Discussion 74
Y. C. Lee Binding modes of mammalian hepatic Gal/GalNAc
receptors 80
Discussion 93
General discussion I Two human lysosomal membrane glycoproteins 96
G. W. Hart, R. S. Haltiwanger, G. D. Holt and W. G. Kelly
Nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic glycoproteins 102
Discussion 11 2
Y. Nagai and S. Tsuji Bioactive ganglioside-mediated carbohydrate
recognition in coupling with ecto-protein phosphorylation 1 19
Discussion 130
V
VI Contents
P. M. Wassarman Role of carbohydrates in receptor-mediated
fertilization in mammals 135
Discussion 149
M. Schachner Families of neural adhesion molecules 156
Discussion 169
J. Finne Structural and biological properties of the carbohydrate units of
nervous tissue glycoproteins 173
Discussion 183
M. A. Hynes, L. B. Buck, M. Gitt, S. Barondes, J. Dodd and T. M.
Jessell Carbohydrate recognition in neuronal development: structure
and expression of surface oligosaccharides and 0-galactoside-binding
lectins 189
Discussion 2 10
General discussion I1 Expression c;f developmentally regulated carbo-
hydrates 219
A. Kohata, T. Mizuochi, T. Endo and K. Furukawa Function and
pathology of the sugar chains of human immunoglobulin G 224
Discussion 235
T. W. Rademacher and R. A. Dwek The role of oligosaccharides in
modifying protein function 241
Discussion 255
M. Fukuda Leukosialin, a major sialoglycoprotein defining leucocyte
differentiation 257
Discussion 268
Final general discussion The diversity of N-linked oligosaccharides on
human immunodeficiency virus 277
E. Ruoslahti Chairman’s summing-up 283
Index of contributors 284
Subject index 286
Participants
S. Barondes Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San
Francisco, CA 94143, USA
J. Carver Department of Medical Genetics, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
M. P. Czech Department of Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts
Medical Center, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
K. Drickamer Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics,
Columbia University, 630 W 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
B. Ernst CIBA-GEIGY AG, CH-4002 Basle, Switzerland
T. Feizi Section of Glycoconjugate Research, MRC Clinical Research
Centre, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, UK
J. Finne Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku,
Kiinamyllynkatu 10, SF-20520 Turku, Finland
M. Fukuda Carbohydrate Chemistry, La Jolla Cancer Research
Foundation, Cancer Research Center, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road,
La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
C. Gahmberg La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, 10901 North Torrey
Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
G. W. Hart Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD
21205. USA
0. Hindsgaul Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
viii Participants
R. C. Hughes MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway,
Mill Hill, London NW7 IAA, UK
T. M. Jessell Center for Neurobiology & Behavior, Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 722 West
168th Street, PI Research Annex, 6th Floor, NY 10032, USA
A. Kobata Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Science,
University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan
Y. C. Lee Department of Biology & McCollum-Pratt Institute, The Johns
Hopkins University, 34th & Charles Streets, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
U. Lindahl Department of Veterinary Medical Chemistry, Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, The Biomedical Center, Box 575, S-75 123 Uppsala,
Sweden
T. Muramatsu Department of Biochemistry, Kagoshima University School of
Medicine, 1208-1 Usuki-cho, Kagoshima 890, Japan
Y. Nagai Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
T. W. Rademacher Oxford Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biochemistry,
University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
E. Ruoslahti (Chairman) La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, Cancer
Research Center, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
M. Schachner Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Im
Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-6900 Heidelberg 1, Federal Republic of Germany
N. Sharon Department of Biophysics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, PO
Box 26, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
P. Stanley Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine,
1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
J. E. Thomas-Oates (Ciba Foundation Bursar) Department of Biochemistry,
Imperial College of Science & Technology, Exhibition Road, London SW7
2AZ, UK
Participants ix
J. Wang Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA
P. M. Wassarman Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Roche
Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, NJ 071 10, USA
W. M. Watkins Division of Immunochemical Genetics, MRC Clinical
Research Centre, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, UK
Novartis Foundation Symposium
Edited by GregoIy Bock, Sara Hamett
Copyright 0 1989 by Ciba Foundation
lntroductio n
E. Ruoslahti
La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, Cancer Research Center, 1090 1
North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
The role of carbohydrate recognition in cellular function is poorly understood.
The functions of DNA and proteins (DNA, of course, being a substituted
carbohydrate) are generally known. It is much less clear what carbohydrates
do. A number of functions have been proposed and it is possible that they all
are correct, but they have not been clearly defined. When we ask what
carbohydrates do, some standard replies are that bacteria bind to them, that
they are immunogenic, and that they glue clams to the hulls of boats. We need
a more precise answer; carbohydrates clearly do not exist to help bacteria gain
entrance to the body.
In this field the study of molecular structure has progressed more rapidly than
the understanding of function. I am sure we should all like to see that corrected.
Nevertheless, the structural studies have been very interesting, starting with the
classic work of Dr Winifred Watkins, whom we are pleased to have with us
at this meeting, and progressing to some recent surprises with fascinating
functional implications, such as the nuclear and cytoplasmic glycosylation.
A persuasive argument used by those who defend the functionality of
carbohydrates is that they must be important because there is a tremendous
variation to their structure. However, we do not fully understand the basis of
that variation. It is likely to be important, but in what way? I find it puzzling
that there seems to be no species conservation for the expression of a given
carbohydrate group in a given place. There are some very specific,
developmentally regulated expression patterns for certain carbohydrate
structures, but they do not seem to be conserved from species to species. It is
possible that a particular carbohydrate structure may be important only in one
or very few places. Then it may be simply coincidentally expressed at many other
places. This is going to be difficult to sort out. In this sense, carbohydrate
expression may be similar to the alternative splicing of mRNA; there may be
only one protein where alternative splicing is important to a given cell, and many
1989 Carbohydrate recognition in cellular function. Wiley, Chichester (Ciba Foundation Symposium
145) p 1-5
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