Chronology and Evolution of Mars: Proceedings of an ISSI Workshop, 10–14 April 2000, Bern, Switzerland PDF
Preview Chronology and Evolution of Mars: Proceedings of an ISSI Workshop, 10–14 April 2000, Bern, Switzerland
CHRONOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF MARS Cover illustration: The cover image is an unusual view of the volcano, Olympus Mons, from Mars Global Surveyor, looking east at lOAM Martian time across a landscape hazy with morning clouds. The image was made by using the wide angle MGS camera in highest resolution mode, looking to the side to capture the Martian horizon. This image is MGS MOC SPI-26301, a red-filter image taken on April 26, 1998, from an altitude of 855 km. Resolution is 776 mJpixel. Mars Global Surveyor was still in elliptical orbit, some months after orbit insertion, prior to the low, circular-orbit mapping mission. The image is courtesy Malin Space Science Systems, Jet Propulsion Lab, and NASA, and was processed for this book by Ethan Goldman, Daniel C. Berman and Gil Esquerdo at the Planetary Science Institute, Tucson. Space Sciences Series of ISSI Volume 12 The International Space Science Institute is organized as a foundation under Swiss law. It is funded through recurrent contributions from the European Space Agency, the Swiss Confederation, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the University of Bern. For more information, see the homepage at http://www.issi.unibe.ch/. The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. CHRONOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF MARS Proceedings of an ISSI Workshop, 10-14 April 2000, Bern, Switzerland Edited by REINALD KALLENBACH International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland JOHANNES GEISS International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland WILLIAM K. HARTMANN Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, USA Editorial Assistant: URSULA PFANDER International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 96, Nos. 1-4,2001 ~:-:r.I INTERNATIONAL SPACE SCIENCE INSTITUTE Space Sciences Series of ISSI SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Chronology and evolution of Mars / edited by R. Kallenbach, J. Geiss, and W.K. Hartmann p.cm. - (Space science Series ofISSI: v. 12) Includes index. ISBN 978-90-481-5725-9 ISBN 978-94-017-1035-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-1035-0 1. Mars-Geology-Congresses. I. Kallenbach, R. II. Geiss, Johannes. III. Hartmann, William K. IV. Space science series ofISSI: v. 12. QB64l.C532001 559.9'23-dc21 2001035763 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 200 1 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner TABLE OF CONTENTS Friends of this book 1 R. KALLENBACH, J. GEISS and w.K. HARTMANN / Introduction: A New Chapter in Mars Research 3 I: CHRONOLOGY OF MARS AND OF THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM D. STOFFLER and G. RYDER / Stratigraphy and Isotope Ages of Lunar Geologic Units: Chronological Standard for the Inner Solar System 9 G. NEUKUM, B.A. IVANOV and w.K. HARTMANN / Cratering Records in the Inner Solar System in Relation to the Lunar Reference System 55 B.A. IVANOV / Mars/Moon Cratering Rate Ratio Estimates 87 L.E. NYQUIST, D.D. BOGARD, C.-Y. SHIH, A. GRESHAKE, D. STOFFLER and O. EUGSTER / Ages and Geologic Histories of Martian Meteorites 105 W.K. HARTMANN and G. NEUKUM / Cratering Chronology and the Evolu- tion of Mars 165 II: EVOLUTION OF THE INTERIOR AND SURFACE OF MARS A.N. HALLIDAY, H. WANKE, J.-L. BIRCK and R.N. CLAYTON / The Accretion, Composition and Early Differentiation of Mars 197 T. SPOHN, M.H. ACUNA, D. BREUER, M. GOLOMBEK, R. GREELEY, A. HALLIDAY, E. HAUBER, R. JAUMANN and F. SOHL / Geophysical Constraints on the Evolution of Mars 231 J.w. HEAD, R. GREELEY, M.P. GOLOMBEK, W.K. HARTMANN, E. HAUBER, R. JAUMANN, P. MASSON, G. NEUKUM, L.E. NYQUIST and M.H. CARR / Geological Processes and Evolution 263 J.-P. BIBRING and S. ERARD / The Martian Surface Composition 293 H. WANKE, 1. BRUCKNER, G. DREIBUS, R. RlEDER and I. RYABCHIKOV / Chemical Composition of Rocks and Soils at the Pathfinder Site 317 III: HISTORY AND FATE OF THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE AND HYDROSPHERE P. MASSON, M.H. CARR, F. COSTARD, R. GREELEY, E. HAUBER and R. JAUMANN / Geomorphologic Evidence for Liquid Water 333 J.e. BRIDGES, D.e. CATLING, J.M. SAXTON, T.D. SWINDLE, I.e. LYON and M.M. GRADY / Alteration Assemblages in Martian Meteorites: Implications for Near-Surface Processes 365 R. GREELEY, R.O. KUZMIN and R.M. HABERLE / Aeolian Processes and Their Effects on Understanding the Chronology of Mars 393 w.K. HARTMANN / Martian Seeps and Their Relation to Youthful Geothermal Activity 405 T. ENCRENAZ / The Atmosphere of Mars as Constrained by Remote Sensing 411 D.D. BOGARD, R.N. CLAYTON, K. MARTI, T. OWEN and G. TURNER / Martian Volatiles: Isotopic Composition, Origin, and Evolution 425 EPILOGUE w.K. HARTMANN, R. KALLENBACH, J. GEISS and G. TURNER / Sum- mary: New Views and New Directions in Mars Research 461 Glossary 471 Subject Index 483 List of Acronyms and Basic Mars Data 493 Author Index 495 List of Participants 497 Vlll Chronology and Evolution of Mars ISSI Workshop, 10-14 April 2000, Bern, Switzerland Group Photographs 1. Jean-Pierre Bibring 11. Tim Swindle 21. John Saxton 2. Gabriela Indermiihle 12. Ansgar Greshake 22. Don Bogard 3. Jim Head 13. Michael Drake 23. Gerhard Neukum 4. Ronald Greeley 14. Robert Clayton 24. John Bridges 5. Philippe Masson 15. Paul Warren 25. Bill Hartmann 6. Kurt Marti 16. Heinrich Wanke 26. Reinald Kallenbach 7. Grenville Turner 17. Larry Nyquist 27. Mario Acuna 8. Otto Eugster 18. Francis Albarede 28. Ralf Jaumann 9. Dieter StOffier 19. Tilman Spohn 29. Uli Ott 10. Jean-Louis Birck 20. Ernst Hauber 30. Graham Ryder Not in this picture: Gabriele Arnold, Doris Breuer, Therese Encrenaz, Johannes Geiss, Matthew Golombek, Alex Halliday, Elmar Jessberger, Tobias Owen Picture taken by Urs Lauterburg, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern ix FRIENDS OF THIS BOOK The following people supported the preparation of this book in various ways, including submitting reviews of various chapters, coordinating meeting and pub lishing preparations, providing publication advice, maintaining computer infras tructure, and other forms of assistance. Leslie Baker, Rocky Mt. College, Billings Nadine G. Barlow, University of Central Florida, Orlando Daniel C. Berman, Planetary Science Institute, Tucson Harry Blom, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Donald R. Davis, Planetary Science Institute, Tucson Therese Encrenaz , Observatoire de Paris, Meudon Otto Eugster, University of Bern, Bern Jamie Gilmour, Manchester University, Manchester Ron Greeley, Arizona State University, Tempe Gabriela IndermUhle, International Space Science Institute, Bern Boris Ivanov, Institute for Dynamics of Geospheres, Moscow Bruce Jakosky, University of Colorado, Boulder Elmar Jessberger, Institut fUr Planetologie, Universitat MUnster Melissa Lane, Planetary Science Institute, Tempe Barbara Lucchita, U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff Kurt Marti, University of California at San Diego, San Diego Philippe Masson, Universite Paris-Sud, Paris Harry Y. McSween, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Gerhard Neukum, Deutsches Zentrum fUr Luft- und Raumfahrt, Berlin Tobias Owen, University of Hawaii, Honolulu Elaine Owens, Planetary Science Institute, Tucson Carl Pilcher, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC Graham Ryder, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston Xavier Schneider, International Space Science Institute, Bern Rudolf von Steiger, International Space Science Institute, Bern Dieter Stoffler, Museum fUr Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin Timothy D. Swindle, University of Arizona, Tucson Ken L. Tanaka, U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff Grenville Turner, Manchester University, Manchester Silvia Wenger, International Space Science Institute, Bern U.S. participants of the workshop Chronology and Evolution of Mars were in part supported by the NASA Mars Global Surveyor program through the Jet Propul sion Laboratory and the NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics program and through the office of Dr. Carl Pilcher. The support by the Planetary Science Insti tute, Tucson, AZ, USA, and its staff is greatly appreciated. The editors wish to ex press their sincere thanks to Ursula Pfander, editorial assistant at the International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland . ..a. Space Science Reviews 96: 1 , 200l. .." © 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
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