Chromosomal Aberrations: Basic and Applied Aspects

327 Pages·1990·11.08 MB·English

by  M. E. Drets, G. A. Folle, F. J. Monteverde (auth.), Professor Dr. Günter Obe, Professor Dr. A. T. Natarajan (eds.)

G.Obe A.T. Natarajan (Eds.)
Chromosomal
Aberrations
Basic and Applied Aspects
With 100 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York London
Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona
Professor Dr. GUNTER aBE
FB9 der Universitat
Gesamthochschule Essen
UniversitatsstraBe 5
Postfach 103764
4300 Essen 1, FRG
Professor Dr. A.T. NATARAJAN
State University of Leiden
Department of Radiation Genetics
and Chemical Mutagenesis
P.O. Box 9503
2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-75684-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-75682-5
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-75682-5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Chromosomal aberrations: basic
and applied aspects / G. Obe, A.T. Natarajan (eds). p. cm. Includes index. ISBN-13:978-
3-642-75684-9(U .S.: alk. paper) 1.Human chromosome abnormalities. 2. Medical genetics.
1. Obe, G. II. Natarajan, A. T. [DNLM: 1. Chromosome Aberrations. 2. Chromosome
Abnormalities. WH 462.Al C557] RB 155.5.C47 1990 616'.042-dc20 DNLMlDLC for
Library of Congress 90-9804
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Preface
Eukaryotic chromosomes are complex structures containing very
long DNA molecules, histones, and nonhistone proteins. The
structural features of the association of DNA with histones are
relatively well understood. The impact of nonhistone proteins on
the structure of chromosomes is still a mystery. Chromosomes are
dependent on the cellular environment in which they exist and
their activities are part of a complex cellular network. The present
volume deals mainly with chromosomal aberrations. Understand-
ing the mechanisms of the origin of such aberrations would give
us a better insight in the structure and function of the chromosomes
and this is one aspect of the present volume, namely, the basic
one. Chromosomal aberrations are indicators of mutagenic activ-
ity and are widely used as end points in testing for mutagens; some
articles of the volume deal with this applied aspect. The following
topics are discussed: chromosome structure, repair of genetic dam-
age and chromosomal aberrations (Chaps. 1-6), induction of chro-
mosomal aberrations with restriction endonucleases (Chaps. 7-
9), chromosomes and cancer (Chaps. 10-12), human disorders
with chromosomal instabilities (Chap. 13), the phenomenon of
adaptive response (Chaps. 14-17), the use of chromosomal ab-
erration frequencies as biological dosimeters of radiation exposure
(Chaps. 18-22), and chromosomal aberrations as indicators of
mutagenic activities of environmental chemicals and life-style fac-
tors (Chaps. 23-27).
We thank the authors for their contributions and the staff of
Springer-Verlag, especially Dr. Dieter Czeschlik and Mrs. Anto-
nella Cerri for their help.
We dedicate this volume to Professor Rigomar Rieger on the
occasion of his 60th birthday, in recognition of his classical con-
tributions in the area of cytogenetics.
Essen and Leiden, 1990 G. OBE and A.T. NATARAJAN
Prof. Dr. Rigomar Rieger
(Photo: Peter Wieler)
Contents
Quantitative Detection of Chromosome Structures by
Computerized Microphotometric Scanning (With 8 Figures)
M.E. DRETS, G.A. FOLLE, and F.l. MONTEVERDE 1
Heterogeneity of DNA Repair in Relation to
Chromatin Structure (With 5 Figures)
L.H.F. MULLENDERS, l. VENEMA, A. VAN HOFFEN,
A.T. NATARAJAN, A.A. VAN ZEELAND,
and L. V. MAYNE ............................................ 13
The Poly-ADP-Ribosylation System of Higher Eukaryotes:
How Can It Do What? (With 6 Figures)
F.R. ALTHAUS, M. COLLINGE, P. LOETSCHER, G. MATHIS,
H. NAEGELI, P. P ANZETER, and C. REALINI ............... 22
DNA Lesions, DNA Repair, and Chromosomal Aberrations
(With 6 Figures)
A.T. NATARAJAN, R.c. VYAS, F. DARRouDI,
L.H. MULLENDERS, and M.Z. ZDZIENICKA .... . . . . . . . .. . . . 31
Is It Misrepair or Lack of Repair Which Kills Cells
Irradiated in G2? (With 4 Figures)
R.C. MOORE, L. BARBER, and C.G. BINGHAM............ 41
Inhibitors of DNA Topoisomerases and Chromosome
Aberrations (With 3 Figures)
F. PALITTI, F. DEGRASSI, R. DE SALVIA, M. FIORE, and
C. TANZARELLA ............................................ 50
Restriction Endonuclease- and Radiation-Induced DNA
Double-Strand Breaks and Chromosomal Aberrations:
Similarities and Differences (With 4 Figures)
P.E. BRYANT ................................................ 61
The Use of Restriction Endonucleases to Study
the Mechanisms of Chromosome Damage
W.F. MORGAN, and R.A. WINEGAR....................... 70
x Contents
Induction of Chromosomal Aberrations by the Restriction
Endonuclease AluI in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cells:
Influence of Glycerol on Aberration Frequencies
C. JOHANNES, and G. OBE ................................. 79
Patterns of Chromosome Variations in Neoplasia
F. MITELMAN ............................................... 86
Tumorigenesis and Tumor Response: View from the
(Prematurely Condensed) Chromosomes (With 4 Figures)
W.N. HITTELMAN, N. CHEONG, H.Y. SOHN, J.S. LEE,
J.-D. TIGAUD, and S. VADHAN-RAJ ........................ 101
Detection of Cancer-Prone Individuals Using
Cytogenetic Response to X-Rays (With 4 Figures)
K.K. SANFORD, and R. PARS HAD .......................... 113
Human Disorders with Increased Spontaneous and
Induced Chromosomal Instability (With 2 Figures)
T.M. SCHROEDER-KuRTH, U. CRAMER-GIRAUD, and
U. MANNSPERGER .......................................... 121
Possible Causes of Variability of the Adaptive Response
in Human Lymphocytes
G. OLIVIERI, and A. BOSI .................................. 130
Adaptation of Human Lymphocytes to Radiation or
Chemical Mutagens: Differences in Cytogenetic Repair
S. WOLFF, G. OLIVIERI, and V. AFZAL .................... 140
Radio-Adaptive Response: A Novel Chromosomal Response
in Chinese Hamster Cells in Vitro (With 8 Figures)
T. IKUSHIMA ................................................ 151
On Adaptive Response of Plant Meristem Cells in Vivo -
Protection Against Induction of Chromatid Aberrations
(With 6 Figures)
R. RIEGER, A. MICHAELIS, and S. TAKEHISA .............. 163
Chromosome Aberrations in A-Bomb Survivors, Hirsohima
and Nagasaki (With 1 Figure)
A.A. AWA .................................................. 180
Biological Dosimetry of Absorbed Radiation Dose:
Considerations of Low-Level Radiations (With 5 Figures)
M.S. SASAKI, Y. EJIMA, and S. SAIGUSA ......... . . . . . . . . .. 191
Contents XI
Use of Micronuclei in Biological Dosimetry of
Absorbed Radiation Dose (With 3 Figures)
M. BAUCHINGER, and H. BRASELMANN .................... 202
Biological Dosimetry After Radiation Accidents
D.C. LLOYD, and A.A. EDWARDS ......................... 212
Dose Estimates and the Fate of Chromosomal Aberrations
in Cesium-137 Exposed Individuals in the
Goiania Radiation Accident
A.T. RAMALHO, A.C.H. NASCIMENTO, and P. BELLIDO ... 224
Cytogenetic Studies in Male Germ Cells,
Their Relevance for the Prediction of Heritable Effects
and Their Role in Screening Protocols (With 1 Figure)
I.-D. ADLER ................................................ 231
Use of in Vivo Micronucleus Tests with Mammalian Cells
for Clastogenicity and Carcinogenicity Studies
(With 8 Figures)
A.D. TATES, M.L.M. VAN DE POLL, M. VANWELIE, and
S.J. PLOEM ................................................. 242
In Vitro Chromosomal Aberration Test - Current Status
(With 5 Figures)
M. ISHIDATE, JR. . .......................................... 260
Clast ogene sis in Vitro Under Extreme Culture Conditions
(With 3 Figures)
D. SCOTT ................................................... 273
Life-Style and Genetic Factors that Determine the
Susceptibility to the Production of Chromosome Damage
(With 14 Figures)
K. MORIMOTO .............................................. 287
Subject Index ............................................... 303
List of Contributors
Adler. I.-D. 231 Moore, R.e. 41
Afzal, V. 140 Morgan, W.F. 70
Althaus, F.R 22 Morimoto, K. 287
Awa, A.A. 180 Mullenders, L.H.F. 13,31
Barber, L. 41 Naegeli, H. 22
Bauchinger, M. 202 Nascimento, A.e.H. 224
Bellido, P. 224 Natarajan, A.T. 13,31
Bingham, e.G. 41 Obe, G. 79
Bosi, A. 130 Olivieri, G. 130, 140
Braselmann, H. 202 Pali tti, F. 50
Bryant, P.E. 61 Panzeter, P. 22
Cheong, N. 101
Parshad, R 113
Collinge, M. 22
Ploem, S.J. 242
Cramer-Giraud, U. 121
Poll van de, M.L.M. 242
Darroudi, F. 31
Ramalho, A.T. 224
De Salvia, R. 50
Realini, e. 22
Degrassi, F. 50
Rieger, R. 163
Drets, M.E. 1
Saigusa, S. 191
Edwards, A.A. 212
Sanford, K.K. 113
Ejima, Y. 191
Sasaki, M.S. 191
Fiore, M. 50
Schroeder-Kurth, T.M. 121
Folle, G.A. 1
Scott, D. 273
Hittelman, W.N. 101
Sohn, H.Y. 101
Hoffen van, A. 13
Takehisa, S. 163
Ikushima, T. 151
Tanzarella, e. 50
Ishidate, M. Jr. 260
Tates, A.D. 242
Johannes, e. 79
Tigaud, J.-D. 101
Lee, J.S. 101
Vadhan-Raj, S. 101
Lloyd, D.C. 212
Loetscher, P. 22 Venema, J. 13
Mannsperger, U. 121 Vyas, Re. 31
Mathis, G. 22 Welie van, M. 242
Mayne, L.v. 13 Winegar, RA. 70
Michaelis, A. 163 Wolff, S. 140
Mitelman, F. 86 Zdzienicka, M.Z. 31
Monteverde, F.J. 1 Zeeland van, A.A. 13
Quantitative Detection of Chromosome Structures
by Computerized Microphotometric Scanning
M. E. DRETS, G. A. FOLLE, and F. J. MONTEVERDE!
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Materials and Methods ......................................................... 2
3 Results and Discussion ......................................................... 3
3.1 Improved Mapping of Bands .................................................... 3
3.2 Detection of Image Density Distribution .......................................... 4
3.3 Detection of Intercalary Heterochromatin ......................................... 5
3.4 Localization of Chromosome Breaks ............................................. 9
3.5 Localization of Sister Chromatid Exchanges ....................................... 10
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
1 Introduction
Mammalian chromosomes are highly complex structures as revealed with different
banding techniques obtained using fluorescent dyes, proteolytic treatments or dif-
ferential denaturating methods (Arrighi and Hsu 1971; Caspers son et al. 1969; Drets
and Shaw 1971; Dutrillaux and Lejeune 1971; Dutrillaux 1973; Sumner et al. 1971;
Yunis 1976).
Specific banding patterns are induced by restriction endonucleases (RE) in fixed
chromosomes (Bianchi and Bianchi 1987). Exposure of living mammalian cells to
REs leads to the production of structural chromosomal aberrations (Obe et al. 1987)
and to sister chromatid exchanges (Natarajan and Mullenders 1987).
Different banding patterns reflect the DNA base composition, Giemsa (G) and
quinacrine (Q) bands are relatively rich in adenine and thymine (AT) and the reverse
(R) bands are relatively rich in guanine and cytosine (GC) and thought to be chro-
mosome segments with concentrated active genes (Koren berg and Engels 1978;
Korenberg and Rykowski 1988; Weisblum and de Haseth 1972; review by Therman
1986). A precise localization of bands is critical at the organizational level of chro-
mosomes, e.g. R-G/Q band junctions are believed to be sites of exchanges and
rearrangements induced by clastogenic agents (Morgan and Crossen 1977) and also
"hot spots" for the occurrence of mitotic chiasmata (Korenberg et al. 1978; Kuhn
and Therman 1986).
Chromosome bands were the subject of several international meetings on chro-
mosome nomenclature (ISCN 1985). Complete maps of banding patterns resulted
from these conferences but no quantitative data on band localization, band size and
1 Division of Human Cytogenetics and Quantitative Microscopy, Instituto de Investigaciones Biolo-
gicas "Clemente Estable", Avda, Italia 3318, Montevideo, Uruguay