Table Of ContentCover
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Cholinergic Mechanisms: Function and Dysfunction
Edited by
Israel Silman PhD
Professor, Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute oƒ Science, Rehovoth, Israel
Hermona Soreq PhD
Professor oƒ Molecular Biology, Department oƒ Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of
Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
Lili Anglister PhD
Head, Neurosdences Graduate Program, Department oƒ Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hebrew UniversityHadassah Medical
School, Jerusalem, Israel
Daniel Michaelson PhD
Professor, Department of Neurobiochemistry, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv,
Israel
Abraham Fisher PhD
Senior Scientist, Israel Institutefor Biological Research, NessZiona, Israel
LONDON AND NEW YORK
A MARTIN DUNITZ BOOK
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© 2004 Taylor & Francis, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
First published in the United Kingdom in 2004
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Contents
Preface xix
List of contributors xxi
Platform presentations
Edith Heilbronn Lecture
1.In memoriam: Edith Heilbronn 1
Victor P Whittaker
Nicotinic receptors: structure
2.Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: probing functionally significant structural changes with sitedirected reactions 7
Arthur Karlin
3.The binding site for αbungarotoxin in the acetylcholine receptor: from synthetic peptides to solution and crystal structure 19
Sara Fuchs, Roni Kasher, Moshe Balass, Tali Scherf, Michal Harel, Mati Fridkin, Joel L Sussman and Ephraim KatchalskiKatzir
4.Pharmacological and structural characterization of the interaction of snake toxins with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors 27
D Servent, C FruchartGaillard and A Ménez
5.Structure and dynamics of acetylcholine receptor and its lipid microenvironment: from molecule to cell 33
S Antollini, J Baier, M Blanton, I Bonini, B De los Santos, MC Gallegos, I Garbus, MF Pediconi, M Prieto, AM Roccamo, J Wenz and FJ Barrantes
6.Sitedirected reactive probes for structural and functional investigation of cholinergic proteins 39
Christian Che, Thomas Grutter, Alexandre Mourot, Florence Hibert and Maurice Goeldner
7.The mechanism for acetylcholine receptor inhibition by αneurotoxins and speciesspecific resistance to αbungarotoxin revealed by NMR 45
Abraham O Samson, Tali Scherf, Miriam Eisenstein, Jordan H Chill and Jacob Anglister
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Muscarinic receptors: structure
8.Structure and activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors 55
EC Hulme, ZL Lu, JW Saldanha and MS Bee
9.Generation and analysis of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice 63
Alokesh Duttaroy, Masahisa Yamada, Jesus Gotneza, Weilie Zhang, Tsuyoshi Miyakawa, Ryosuke Makita, Frank P Bymaster, Christian C
Felder, ChuXia Deng and Jürgen Wess
10.Roles of external loops of muscarinic receptors in interactions between Nmethylscopolamine and allosteric modulators 71
Stanislav Tuček, Alena Krejči, Michaela Lysíková, Jan Jakubík and Vladimír Doležal
Couteaux lecture
11.René Couteaux (1909–1999) and his presynaptic active zone 77
Shigeru Tsuji
12.René Couteaux Lecture: Ligand recognition in the cholinergic nervous system analysed by structural templates and protein dynamics 81
Palmer Taylor
Presynaptic mechanisms
13.Neuronal calcium dynamics: one message with many meanings 87
Anna Fendyur, Igor Kaiserman and Rami Rahamimoff
14.Acetylcholine and glutamatemediated transmission: one mediatophore with different specificities, or several mediatophores? 91
M Israël and Y Dunant
15.The Cavoltage hypothesis for neurotransmitter release—current status 99
Hanna Parnas and Itzchak Parnas
Structural and regulatory aspects of the cholinergic synapse
16.The role of P2Y nucleotide receptors in the formation and maintenance of the skeletal neuromuscular junctions 105
1
Karl WK Tsim, Roy CY Choi, Nina L Siow, Anthony WM Cheng, Karen KY Ling, Edmund KK Tung, Ling W Kong and Eric A Barnard
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17.Control of expression of nicotinic receptor and acetylcholinesterase in the developing neuromuscular junction in the human muscle 113
Zoran Grubic, Katarina Mis, Marko Jevsek, Martina Brank, Michael P King, Armand F Miranda, Janez Brecelj and Tomaz Mars
18.The molecular neurobiology of acetylcholinesterase variants: from stressful insults to antisense intervention 119
Hermona Soreq, Eran Meshorer, Osnat Cohen, Raz Yirmiya, Dalia Ginzberg and David Glick
19.Transcriptional control of the cholinergic gene locus: a mosaic model for regulation of the cholinergic phenotype 125
Burkhard Schütz, Martin KH Schäfer, Eberhard Weihe and Lee E Eiden
20.Regulation of cholinergic gene expression by NRSF/REST 133
Louis B Hersh and Masahito Shimojo
21.Unveiling the molecular events leading to a neurotransmitter phenotype switch in developing neurons 137
Yoel Bogoch, Yaniv Bledi, Sharone Tayar and Michal Linial
Miriam Salpeter Lecture
22.Miriam M Salpeter (Mika)—biographical notes 145
Lili Anglister
23.Chemical kinetics parameters and receptor degradation rates at the neuromuscular junction 147
Edwin E Salpeter
Structural and functional studies on cholinesterases
24.Processing and anchoring of cholinesterases in muscle and brain 155
Jean Massoulié and Suzanne Bon
25.XRay structures of native and somanaged human butyrylcholinesterase: new insights into the catalytic mechanism of cholinesterases 165
Florian Nachon, Yvain Nicolet, Patrick Masson, Oksana Lockridge and JuanCarlos FontecillaCamps
26.Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of cholinesterases: direct, nonperturbing monitoring of enzymeligand interactions 171
Zoran Radić, Esther Kim and Palmer Taylor
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27.Surprising findings from the functional analysis of human acetylcholinesterase adducts of Alzheimer’s disease drugs 177
Arie Ordentlich, Dov Barak, Naomi Ariel, Chanoch Kronman, Dana Kaplan, Baruch Velan and Avigdor Shafferman
28.Crystal structure of the tetramerization domain of acetylcholinesterase at 2.3 Å resolution 183
M Harel, H Dvir, S Bon, WQ Liu, C Garbay, JL Sussman, J Massoulié and I Silman
The cholinergic system in invertebrates
29.Structure and expression of the four acetylcholinesterase genes in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 187
Didier Combes, Yann Fedon, JeanPierre Toutant and Martine Arpagaus
30.Regulation of cholinergic neurotransmitter phenotypes 193
Paul M Salvaterra, MiHeon Lee and Shaochun Song
31.Molecular and functional diversity in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene families of Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster 199
David B Sattelle, Emmanuel Culetto and Andrew K Jones
32.Genetic dissection of an acetylcholine receptor involved in neuronal degeneration 207
Millet Treinin, Sarah Halevi and Lina Yassin
Autoimmune diseases related to the cholinergic synapse
33.Congenital myasthenic syndromes: multiple molecular targets at the neuromuscular junction 213
Andrew G Engel, Kinji Ohno and Steven M Sine
34.Antibodies to acetylcholine receptors and MuSK in myasthenia gravis and related disorders 227
Angela Vincent, John McConville, Paul Plested, Teresa Tang, Leslie Jacobson, Agata Polizzi, Sietske Rietnersma, Claire Newland, David Beeson,
John NewsomDavis and Werner Hoch
35.Muscarinic receptor autoantibodies in Sjögren’s syndrome 233
Maureen Rischmueller
36.Immunotherapy of myasthenia gravis: antigenspecific mucosal tolerance and antagonists of key cytokines and costimulatory factors 241
Miriam C Souroujon, Tali Feferman, Prasanta K Maiti, SinHyeog Im, Lily Raveh and Sara Fuchs
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Toxicology and pharmacology of cholinesterase inhibitors
37.A complex array of posttranslation modifications determines the circulatory longevity of acetylcholinesterase in a hierarchical manner 245
A Shafferman, T Chitlaru, A Ordentlich, B Velan and C Kronman
38.Therapeutic efficacy in organophosphate poisoning by inhibiting central release of acetylcholine 255
TJH Bueters, B Groen, PK Harrison, JEH Tattersall, AP IJzerman, M Danhof and HPM van Helden
39.Polyurethane immobilized enzymes: organophosphatesensing matrixes 265
Richard K Gordon, Alper T Gunduz, Bhupendra P Doctor and Tracy Cronin
40.Sex differences in the actions of cholinesterase inhibitors 271
Marta Weinstock and RuiHua Wang
41.Bifunctional compounds eliciting both antiinflammatory and cholinergic activity as potential drugs for CNS disorders 277
G Amitai, R Adani, I Rabinovitz, E BeitYanai, E Shohami, G SodMoriah and H Meshulam
Brzin Lecture
42.In memoriam: Miroslav Brzin (13 April 1923–8 August 1999) 289
Elsa Reiner
43.Acetylcholinesterase regulation in skeletal muscles 297
Neva ČrneFinderle, Peter Pregelj and Janez Sketelj
Pharmacology of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in the CNS
44.Nicotinic receptor modulation: implications for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurological disorders 297
EX Albuquerque, EFR Pereira, M Samochocki, M Alkondon, Christoph Ullmer and A Maelicke
45.Common structural and pharmacological properties of serotonin 5HT receptors and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors 309
3
Ruud Zwart, Michael Bodkin, Lisa M Broad, Giovanna De Filippi, Peter J Craig, Tristan Baldwinson, Giovanni Benedetti, Catherine Felthouse,
Gordon I McPhie, Kathy H Pearson and Emanuele Sher
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46.Autonomic function of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits α5, β2 and β4: study in knockout mice 317
Ningshan Wang, Avi OrrUrtreger and Amos D Korczyn
47.Preclinical studies of galantamine using a form of associative learning severely impaired in Alzheimer’s disease 323
Diana S WoodruffPak
48.New evidence for the involvement of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in psychoses 331
Frank P Bymaster, David L McKinzie and Christian C Felder
Cholinergicamyloid crosstalk
49.Betaamyloids, tau hyperphosphorylation, and cognition are beneficially affected by M1 muscarinic agonists: perspectives in Alzheimer’s disease treatment 345
Abraham Fisher, Zipora Pittel, Rachel Haring, Noelle Bons, Nira BarNer, Hagar Sonego, Niva Natan, Itzhak Marcovitch and Rachel Brandeis
50.PKC and MAP kinasedependent processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by neuroprotective propargylamine cholinesterase inhibitors derived 353
from rasagiline and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
Moussa BH Youdim, Tamar Amit, Yael Avramovich, Orit BarAm, Marta Weinstock and Merav YogevFalach
51.Neurodegenerative processes in Alzheimer’s disease: role of AβAChE complexes and Wnt signaling 363
Nibaldo C Inestrosa, Giancarlo De Ferrari, Carlos Opazo and Alejandra Alvárez
52.The effects of apoE3 and apoE4 on lipid synthesis and uptake 369
Liora Berger, Aliza Devir, Margalit Efrati and Daniel M Michaelson
Cholinergic pathways and regulation in the CNS
53.Cholinergic cortical terminations establish classical synapses and undergo agerelated atrophy 375
A Claudio Cuello
54.Development of cholinergic projections to cortex: possible role of neurotrophins in target selection 381
Richard T Robertson and Jen Yu
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55.Activation of the cholinergic system during cognitive processes 387
MG Giovannini, MB Passani and G Pepeu
56.How is the brain protected against excess choline concentrations? 395
Konrad Löffelholz and Jochen Klein
57.Conditions for a precursor control of acetylcholine release in mouse hippocampus 399
Jochen Klein, MarieLuise Buchholzer, Silvia Kopf and Konrad Löffelholz
58.Cholinergic neurons in culture: regulation of structure and functions 405
Menahem Segal and Varda Greenberger
Clinical studies on Alzheimer patients
59.Cholinesterase inhibitors stabilize cognitive decline in Alzheimer patients through βamyloid metabolism interaction 411
Ezio Giacobini
60.Measuring cerebral acetylcholine esterase activity in Alzheimer dementia by PET functional parametric imaging 419
K Herholz, G Zündorf, B Bauer, S Weisenbach and WD Heiss
61.Persistent bloodbrain barrier disruption in humans: a window for neurodegenerative diseases 423
Eran Avivi, Oren Tomkins, Akiva Korn, Lev Pavlovsky, Ilan Shelef and Alon Friedman
62.The cholinergic system and cognitive and noncognitive behavioral dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease 431
Paul T Francis and Stephen L Minger
Closing session
63.Conclusions: XI ISCM 435
Alexander G Karczmar
Poster presentations
64.A single amino acid substitution found in pirimicarbinsensitive acetylcholinesterase of the peachpotato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) 453
MC Andrews, CG Bass, MS Williamson, LM Field, A Callaghan and GD Moores