Chlorinated insecticides. Volume I, Technology and application PDF
Preview Chlorinated insecticides. Volume I, Technology and application
C R C R E V I V A L S C R C R E V I V A L S G C .T h l B o r r o in o a k t s e d I n Chlorinated Insecticides s e c t ic Volume II i d e Biological and Environmental Aspects s G.T Brooks ISBN 978-1-138-50533-9 ,!7IB1D8-fafddj! www.crcpress.com Chlorinated Insecticides V olume II Biological and Environmental Aspects Author: G. T. Brooks The University of Sussex Brighton, Sussex England First published 1974 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2018 by CRC Press © 1974 by Taylor & Francis CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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ISBN 13: 978-1-138-50533-9 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-315-15040-6 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http:/ /www.crcpress.com PESTICIDE CHEMISTRY SERIES - PREFACE The literature on pesticides is voluminous, but scattered among dozens of journals and texts written or edited by experts. Until now, with the publication of Chlorinated Insecticides by G. T. Brooks, there has been no attempt to produce a single, comprehensive series on the chemistry of pesticides. CRC Press should be commended for having undertaken this Herculean task. When asked by the publisher to serve as editor of the Pesticide Chemistry Series, I discussed the idea with some of my colleagues at the International Pesticide Congress in Tel Aviv in 1971. At that time, Dr. Brooks enthusiastically agreed to become the author of the treatise on chlorinated insecticides, which became such a comprehensive work that it is being published in two volumes. As editor of this series, my goal has been choosing experts in their respective fields who would be willing to write single-authored books, thus assuring uniformity of style and thought for the individual text as well as the entire series. I would like to express my deep appreciation to each author for having undertaken the large task of writing in such a comprehensive manner without the aid of contributors or an editorial board. Chlorinated Insecticides is the first contribution to this series; subsequent volumes under preparation will appear in the near future under titles such as Organophosphate Pesticides; Herbicides; and Fungicides. Looking into the future, we plan to include books on the chemistry of juvenile hormones and pheromones. Suggestions on other titles and possible authors are invited from the reader. Gunter Zweig Editor Pesticide Chemistry Series THE AUTHOR Gerald T. Brooks was formerly in the Biochemistry Department of the Agricul tural Research Council’s Pest Infestation Laboratory (now the Pest Infestation Control Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food) at Slough, England. He is currently Senior Principal Scientific Officer in the Agricultural Re search Council Unit of Invertebrate Chemistry and Physiology at the University of Sussex, Brighton, England. He holds B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees of the University of London, and is a Fellow of The Royal Institute of Chemistry. His field of work is the chemistry, biochemistry, and toxicology of insecticides and hormones. To Ann, my wife and former colleague, and my many friends in Insecticide Toxicology whose work is referred to in these pages. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 2 Insect Resistance to Chlorinated Insecticides ................................................................................................3 A. Resistance and Its Measurement ..............................................................................................................3 B. Inheritance and Biochemical Genetics of Resistance..............................................................................8 1. Mode of Inheritance...........................................................................................................................8 2. Biochemical Genetics ................................................................................................................10 a. Houseflies .............................................................................................................................10 b. Mosquitoes.............................................................................................................................18 c. Other Species........................................................................................................................23 3. Postadaption and Resistance ........................................................................................................24 C. Development of Resistance in the Field .................................................................................................29 1. Background ................................................................................................................................29 2. Species of Public Health or Veterinary Importance................................................................31 a. Houseflies ............................................................................................................................31 b. Other Noxious D iptera........................................................................................................35 c. Mosquitoes............................................................................................................................37 d. Lice, Fleas, Bedbugs, Reduviid Bugs, and Cockroaches....................................................43 e. Acarina (Ticks and M ites)....................................................................................................46 3. Species of Agricultural Importance ............................................................................................48 a. Impact of Resistance in Agricultural Insects ....................................................................48 b. Resistance in Soil Insects ....................................................................................................55 c. Resistance in Stored Product Insects .............................................................................57 4. Stability of Resistance....................................................................................................................58 Chapter 3 Action of Chlorinated Insecticides...................................................................... 63 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................63 B. Environmental Behavior and Metabolism................................................................................................65 1. Biodynamics....................................................................................................................................66 a. Insects....................................................................................................................................66 b. In Soil, Plants, and Microorganisms....................................................................................67 c. In Vertebrates........................................................................................................................73 2. Nature of the Transformation Products........................................................................................77 a. DDT Group............................................................................................................................77 b. Lindane (7-HCH) 80 c. Heptachlor, Chlordane, Isobenzan, and Endosulfan .........................................................84 d. Aldrin and Dieldrin ............................................................................................................89 e. Isodrin and Endrin................................................................................................................94 3. Biochemical Aspects........................................................................................................................97 a. General Mechanisms of Organochlorine Insecticide Metabolism ......................................97 b. Enzymatic Detoxication and Insect Resistance..............................................................101 c. Interactions with Microsomal Enzymes ............................................................................105 C. Toxicity ...................................................................................................................................................110 1. Toxicity to Insects and Structure-Activity Relations ...............................................................110 a. DDT Group...........................................................................................................................110 b. Cyclodiene Insecticides.......................................................................................................115 c. Hexachlorocyclohexane and Toxaphene..........................................................................121 2. Toxicity to Vertebrates and Other Nontarget Organisms..........................................................123 a. DDT Group..........................................................................................................................123 b. Cyclodiene Insecticides......................................................................................................127 c. Hexachlorocyclohexane and Toxaphene..........................................................................129 D. Mode and Mechanism of Action ..........................................................................................................130 1. DDT ..............................................................................................................................................130 2. Lindane and the Cyclodiene Insecticides ..................................................................................136 a. Lindane ..............................................................................................................................136 b. Cyclodiene Insecticides......................................................................................................138 E. An Addendum on Mirex ............................................... 143 Chapter 4 Residues and Prospects......................................................................................................................................145 References..........................................................................................................................................................153 Systematic Names Index...................................................................................................................................177 General Index ...................................................................................................................................................181
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