Chipless RFID Authentication: Design, Realization and Characterization

194 Pages·2022·20.895 MB·English

by  Zeshan Ali, Etienne Perret, Nicolas Barbot, Romain Siragusa

Chipless RFID Authentication

Series Editor
Etienne Perret

Chipless RFID Authentication

Design, Realization and Characterization

Zeshan Ali
Etienne Perret
Nicolas Barbot
Romain Siragusa
First published 2022 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
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© ISTE Ltd 2022
The rights of Zeshan Ali, Etienne Perret, Nicolas Barbot and Romain Siragusa to be identified as the
authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the

author(s), contributor(s) or editor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISTE Group.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2022936226

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-833-7
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Chapter 1. Introduction to Chipless Radio
Frequency Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. Chipless radio frequency identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3. Recent developments and advancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4. Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Chapter 2. Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2. State of the art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.1. Basic level of security (overt or visible features) . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.2. Medium level of security (covert or hidden markers) . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.3. High level of security (forensic techniques) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.4. Conventional RFID approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.5. Classical chipless approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.6. Natural randomness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Chapter 3. Methodology and Proof of Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2. Randomness inherent in the realization process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.3. Authentication procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
vi Chipless RFID Authentication
3.4. Statistical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5. Chipless tag discrimination using PCB tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.5.1. Chipless tag design and purposely
applied dimensional variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.5.2. Chipless tag discrimination results and
performance of the resemblance metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.6. Chipless tag discrimination using inkjet-printed paper tags . . . . . . . 47
3.6.1. Chipless tag design and purposely
applied dimensional variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.6.2. Chipless tag discrimination results and
performance of the resemblance metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.7. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Chapter 4. Extraction of Chipless Tag Key Parameters from
Backscattered Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.2. Chipless RFID tags and measurement setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3. Extraction of aspect-independent parameters of
a second-order scatterer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3.1. Extraction with the matrix pencil method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.3.2. Extraction with the spectrogram method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.4. Extraction of CNRs of the multi-scatterer-based tags . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.5. Comparison of computational time durations
between the matrix pencil method and the spectrogram method . . . . . . . 82
4.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Chapter 5. Chipless Authentication Using PCB Tags . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.2. Design and the optimization of chipless tags to be employed for
authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.2.1. C-folded uni-scatterer tags (classical design) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.2.2. C-folded quad-scatterer tags (optimized design) . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.3. Detection of minimum dimensional variation in outdoor
realistic environment and authentication results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.4. Detection of natural randomness and authentication results . . . . . . . 106
5.4.1. Authentication within each realization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.4.2. Authentication across different realizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.4.3. Characterization of the natural randomness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.4.4. Generalization of the proposed method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.4.5. Final remarks on the constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Contents vii
Chapter 6. Chipless Authentication Using Inkjet-Printed
PET Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.2. Optimization of chipless tags to exploit natural randomness
inherent in inkjet printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.3. Authentication using VNA-based chipless reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.4. Authentication using IR-UWB chipless reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Appendix C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173