Chinese for Dummies

403 Pages·2018·11 MB·English

by  Wendy Abraham

Chinese
3rd Edition
by Dr. Wendy Abraham
Chinese For Dummies®, 3rd Edition
Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2018947818
ISBN 978-1-119-47544-6 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-119-47551-4 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-119-47550-7 (ebk)
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents at a Glance
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Part 1: Getting Started with Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
CHAPTER 1: Chinese in a Nutshell: The Spoken Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
CHAPTER 2: The Written Word: Checking Out Chinese Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
CHAPTER 3: Warming Up with the Basics: Chinese Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
CHAPTER 4: Getting Started with Basic Expressions: Nǐ Hǎo! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
CHAPTER 5: Getting Your Numbers, Times, and Measurements Straight . . . . . . . . . 65
CHAPTER 6: Speaking Chinese at Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Part 2: Chinese in Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
CHAPTER 7: Getting to Know You: Making Small Talk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
CHAPTER 8: Dining Out and Shopping for Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
CHAPTER 9: Shopping Made Easy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
CHAPTER 10: Exploring the Town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
CHAPTER 11: Taking Care of Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
CHAPTER 12: Chinese at School and Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
CHAPTER 13: Recreation and Outdoor Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Part 3: Chinese on the Go . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
CHAPTER 14: Planning a Trip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
CHAPTER 15: Making Cents of Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
CHAPTER 16: Getting Around . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
CHAPTER 17: Asking for Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
CHAPTER 18: Finding a Place to Stay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
CHAPTER 19: Handling Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Part 4: The Part of Tens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
CHAPTER 20: Ten Ways to Learn Chinese Quickly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
CHAPTER 21: Ten Things Never to Do in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Part 5: Appendixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
APPENDIX A: Chinese-English Mini-Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
APPENDIX B: Chinese Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
APPENDIX C: Fun & Games Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
About This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Foolish Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Icons Used in This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Beyond the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Where to Go from Here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
PART 1: GETTING STARTED WITH CHINESE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
CHAPTER 1: Chinese in a Nutshell: The Spoken Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Grasping Chinese Dialects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Pīnyīn Spelling: Beijing, Not Peking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Sounding Off: Basic Chinese Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Starting off with initials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Ending with finals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Perfect pitch: Presenting . . . the four tones! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Adding Idioms and Popular Expressions to Your Repertoire . . . . . . . . 17
The Written Word: Checking Out Chinese
CHAPTER 2:
Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Perusing Pictographs, Ideographs, and the Six Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
The Chinese Radical: A Few Clues to a Character’s Meaning . . . . . . . . 24
Following the Rules of Stroke Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Rule 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Rules 2 through 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Up, Down, or Sideways? Deciphering the Direction of Characters . . . . 26
Traditional versus Simplified Characters: When to Use Which . . . . . . . 28
Using a Chinese Dictionary . . . without an Alphabet! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Warming Up with the Basics:
CHAPTER 3:
Chinese Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
The Basics of Chinese Nouns, Articles, and Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Definite versus indefinite articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Getting into Verbs, Adverbs, Negation, and Possession . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Bù and méiyǒu: Total negation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Getting possessive with the particle de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Table of Contents v
Asking Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
The question particle ma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Yes/no choice questions using bù between repeating verbs . . . . . 47
Interrogative pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
CHAPTER 4: Getting Started with Basic Expressions: Nǐ Hǎo! . . . . 51
Making Introductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Acquainting yourself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Introducing your friends and family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Asking people for their names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Greeting and Chatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Addressing new friends and strangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Conversing around the clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Talking about the weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Finding out where people are from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Taking (that is, rejecting) compliments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Saying goodbye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Getting Your Numbers, Times, and
CHAPTER 5:
Measurements Straight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Counting in Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Numbers from 1 to 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Numbers from 11 to 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Numbers from 100 to 9,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Numbers from 10,000 to 100,000 and beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
How ’bout those halves? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Ordinal numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Asking how many or how much . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Telling Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Asking and stating the time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Specifying the time of the day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Save the Date: Using the Calendar and Stating Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Dealing with days of the week . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Naming the months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Specifying dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Celebrating Chinese holidays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Sizing Up Weights and Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
CHAPTER 6: Speaking Chinese at Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Hanging Out at Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Hunting for an Apartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Decorating Your New Digs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Appointing Your Rooms, Fēngshuǐ Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
The bedroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
The bathroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
vi Chinese For Dummies
The kitchen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
The living room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
The basement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
The attic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
PART 2: CHINESE IN ACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
CHAPTER 7: Getting to Know You: Making Small Talk . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Establishing a Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Posing simple introductory questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Chatting about family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Making small talk on the job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Talking about where you live . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
CHAPTER 8: Dining Out and Shopping for Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
All about Meals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Satisfying your hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Sitting down to eat and practicing proper table manners . . . . . . 114
Getting to Know Chinese Cuisines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Dining Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Understanding what’s on the menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Placing an order and chatting with the waitstaff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Dipping into some dim sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Finding the restrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Finishing your meal and paying the bill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
All the Tea in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Taking Your Chinese to Go . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Making comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
How much is that thousand-year-old egg? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
CHAPTER 9: Shopping Made Easy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Going to Stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Getting What You Want at a Department Store . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Just browsing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Asking for help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Shopping for Clothes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
What’s your size? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Comparing quality: Good, better, best . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Comparing two items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
What are you wearing? Chuān versus dài . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Asking about the color and material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Table of Contents vii
Shopping for Other Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Hunting for antiques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Getting a Good Price and Paying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Negotiating prices at the night market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Paying for your purchase (or demanding a refund) . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
CHAPTER 10: Exploring the Town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Attending a Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Exploring different types of music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Buying a ticket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Asking whether someone has done something . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Exploring Museums and Galleries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Visiting Historical Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Going to the Movies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Hopping Around Bars and Clubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
CHAPTER 11: Taking Care of Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Getting Familiar with Telephone Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Going Mobile with a Cellphone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Making a Phone Call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Calling your friends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Ringing hotels and places of business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Phoning a client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Sorry, I Can’t Take Your Call Right Now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Listening to messages that people leave you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Recording and understanding greeting messages . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
Leaving messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Checking Your Email . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Going Online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
The Great Wall . . . Firewall, That Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
CHAPTER 12: Chinese at School and Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Going to School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Schools and supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Teachers and subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Exams and semesters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
Degrees and diplomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Settling into Your Office Digs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Conducting a Meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Scheduling and planning a meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Making the initial greeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Starting the meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Making a presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Ending the meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Discussing Business and Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
viii Chinese For Dummies