China's Intellectuals and the State: In Search of a New Relationship

390 Pages·1987·77.811 MB·English

by  Merle Goldman

China's Intellectuals
and the State
Harvard Contemporary China Series: 3
edited by
MERLE GOLDMAN
with TIMOTHY CHEEK
and CAROL LEE HAMRIN
Published by
THE COUNCIL ON EAST ASIAN STUDIES I HARVARD UNIVERSITY
Distributed by the Harvard University Press
Cambridge (Massachusetts} and London 1987
China's Intellectuals
and the State
In Search of a
New Relationship
© Copyright 1987 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College
Printed in the United States of America
The Council on East Asian Studies at Harvard University publishes a monograph series and,
through the Fairbank Center for East Asian Research and the Reischauer Institute of Japanese
Studies, administers research projects designed to further scholarly understanding of China, Japan,
Korea, Vietnam, Inner Asia, and adjacent areas.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
China's intellectuals and the state.
(Harvard contemporary China series ; 3}
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. China-lntellectuallife-1949- . 2. China
Politics and government-1949- . L Goldman,
Merle. IL Cheek, Timothy. IlL Hamrin, Carol Lee.
IV. Series.
DS777.6.C46 1987 001.1'0951 87·177
ISBN 0-674-11972-X
CONTRIBUTORS
TIMOTHY CHEEK wrote his Harvard doctoral dissertation (1986)
on "Orthodoxy and Dissent in People's China: The Life and Death
of Deng Tuo." He is now a visiting professor of Chinese history at
Bowdoin College, and is engaged in research on the role of intellec
tuals and ideology in China. He is a co-editor, with Carol Lee Ham
rin of CHINKS ESTABLISHMENT INTELLECTUALS (Armonk,
M. E. Sharpe, 1986).
CLIFFORD G. EDMUNDS, JR., formerly on the faculty of the
University of Maryland, is now a political analyst for the United
States Government. He is currently interested in the politics of re
form in the People's Republic of China, particularly the ideological
controversies sparked by recent Dengist policies, and the changing
role of the Chinese Communist Party.
JAMES V. FEINERMAN, formerly Administrative Director of Har
vard Law School's East Asian Legal Studies Program, is currently
Associate Professor of Law at Georgetown University Law Center. In
1979-1980, he was an exchange student at Peking University under
Vl Contributors
the auspices of the U.S. national exchange program administered by
the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Re
public of China. He returned to Peking University's Law Faculty in
1982-1983 as a Fulbright Lecturer on Law.
JOSHUA A. FOGEL is Associate Professor of History, Harvard Uni
versity, and the author of POLITICS AND SINOLOGY: THE
CASE OF NAITO KONAN, 1866-1934 (Council on East Asian
Studies, Harvard, 1984). He is now completing an intellectual
biography of Nakae Ushikichi (1899-1942) and a translation of the
memoirs of Ito Takeo, LIFE ALONG THE SOUTH MANCHUR
IAN RAILWAY.
MERLE GOLDMAN teaches Chinese History at Boston University.
She is the author of several books on the role of the intellectuals in
the People's Republic of China, most recently CHINNS INTELLEC
TUALS: ADVISE AND DISSENT (Harvard University Press, 1981).
She is currently at work on a book about the humanistic elite in post
Mao China.
NINA HALPERN, who formerly taught at Dartmouth College, is
now Assistant Professor of Political Science at Stanford University.
During 1982-1983, she was at Beijing University, conducting research
on the role of Chinese economic specialists in policy-making. Her
current investigations concern the way the Chinese government
acquires and uses expert advice on science and economics and
methods of policy coordination in the Chinese bureaucracy.
CAROL LEE HAMRIN is Research Specialist for China at the De
partment of State and Professorial Lecturer at the Johns Hopkins
School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) in Washington, D.C.
With Timothy Cheek, she is co-editor of CHINNS ESTABLISH
MENT INTELLECTUALS (Armonk, M. E. Sharpe, 1986). She has
just completed CHINA AND THE FUTURE (Boulder, Westview
Press, forthcoming in 1987) on the relationships among Chinese
politics, economic planning, and foreign policy.
DAVID A. KELLY has been engaged in postdoctoral research at the
Contemporary China Centre, Australian National University, and as
a Fulbright Fellow at the University of Chicago. He has published
studies in a number of fields of modern Chinese intellectual history,
Contributors vii
and is the editor/translator of ''Wang Ruoshui: Writings on Human
ism, Alienation, and Philosophy (Chinese Studies in Philosophy, Spring
1985). He now lives in Canberra and is at work on a book about
humanism and related trends in Chinese Marxism.
KYNA RUBIN, M.A. Chinese Literature, University of British
Columbia, spent 1979-1980 at Fudan University studying modern
Chinese literature on a grant from the Committee on Scholarly Com
munication with the People's Republic of China (CSCPRC). She now
manages the CSCPRC's National Program for Advanced Study and
Research in China. Her own work focuses on literary policy in Yan'an
in the 1930s and 1940s.
DENIS FRED SIMON is the Ford International Assistant Professor
of Management and Technology at the Sloan School, The Massachu
setts Institute of Technology. He is the author of numerous articles
on the modernization of science and technology in the PRC and
China's use of foreign technology. He recently completed a study of
technological innovation in Shanghai's electronics and computer
industry.
RUDOLF G. WAGNER is Professor of Sinology at Heidelberg
University, and has been engaged for several years in research at the
University of California (Berkeley) and Harvard University. His
recent book-length studies include THE CONTEMPORARY
CHINESE HISTORICAL DRAMA (Berkeley, University of Cali
fornia Press, forthcoming), and REENACTING THE HEAVENLY
VISION: THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN THE TAIPING REBEL
LION (Center for Chinese Studies, University of California, Berke
ley, 1984).
LYNN T. WHITE III teaches in the Woodrow Wilson School and
Politics Department at Princeton University. He is the author of
CAREERS IN SHANGHAI (University of California Press) and
various articles about economic and social development in that city.
His current research is focused on the mass-group bases during the
Cultural Revolution.

CONTENTS
Introduction: Uncertain Change 1
MERLE GOLDMAN and TIMOTHY CHEEK
PART ONE IDEOLOGICAL SPOKESMAN
1 Ai Siqi: Professional Philosopher and
Establishment Intellectual 23
JOSHUA A. FOGEL
PART TWO PROFESSIONAL ELITE
2 Economists and Economic Policy-Making in the Early 1960s 45
NINA HALPERN
3 The Politics of Historiography: ]ian Bazan's Historicism 65
CLIFFORD EDMUNDS
4 Law and Legal Professionalism in the People's
Republic of China 107
JAMES V. FEINERMAN
X Contents
5 China's Scientists and Technologists in the Post-Mao Era:
A Retrospective and Prospective Glimpse 129
DENIS FRED SIMON
PART THREE CRITICAL INTELLECTUALS
6 Tbe Emergence of Humanism: "Wang Ruoshui and the Critique
of Socialist Alienation 159
DAVID A. KELLY
7 Tbe Chinese Writer in His Own Mirror: Writer, State, and
Society-the Literary Evidence 183
RUDOLPH G. WAGNER
8 Keeper of the Flame: "Wang Ruowang as Moral Critic
of the State 233
KYNA RUBIN
PART FOUR THE PARTY'S POLICIES TOWARD INTELLECTUALS
9 Thought Workers in Deng's Time 253
LYNN T. WHITE III
10 Conclusion: New Trends under Deng Xiaoping
and His Successors 275
CAi-.OL LEE HAMRIN
Notes 307
Index 361