Children and Their Development

593 Pages·2014·103.004 MB·English

by  Robert V. Kail

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Children and Their
Development
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Children and Their
Development
Seventh Edition
Global Edition
Robert V. Kail
Purdue University
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Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Children and Their Development, 7th edition,
ISBN 978-0-13-359568-0, by Robert V. Kail, published by Pearson Education © 2015.
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ISBN 10: 1-292-07376-4
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-07376-7
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To Laura, Matt, and Ben
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Brief Contents
1 Child Development: Theories, Themes, and Research 20
2 Heredity, Environment, and Child Development 56
3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn 78
4 Growth and Health 118
5 Perceptual Processes and Motor Development 148
6 Theories of Cognitive Development 178
7 Memory, Problem Solving, and Academic Skills 214
8 Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition 250
9 Language and Communication 278
10 Emotional Development 312
11 Understanding Self and Others 340
12 Moral Understanding and Behavior 368
13 Gender: Stereotypes, Differences, Identity, and Roles 400
14 Family Relationships 428
15 Influences Beyond the Family 462
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Contents
Welcome 12 3 Prenatal Development, Birth,
About the Author 18
and the Newborn 78
1 Child Development: Theories,
3.1 From Conception to Birth 79
Themes, and Research 20
Period of the Zygote (Weeks 1–2) 79
Period of the Embryo (Weeks 3–8) 80
1.1 Setting the Stage 21
Period of the Fetus (Weeks 9–38) 81
Historical Views of Children and Childhood 22
Improving Children’s Lives: Five Steps Toward
Origins of a New Science 23
a Healthy Baby 84
Applying Results of Research 24
3.2 Influences on Prenatal Development 86
1.2 Foundational Theories of Child Development 25
General Risk Factors 86
The Biological Perspective 26
Spotlight on Theories: A Theory of the Risks
The Psychodynamic Perspective 27
Associated with Teenage Motherhood 88
The Learning Perspective 28
Teratogens 90
The Cognitive-Developmental Perspective 29
How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development 93
The Contextual Perspective 31
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment 96
1.3 Themes in Child-Development Research 33
3.3 Happy Birthday! 99
Continuity of Development 33
Labor and Delivery 99
Impact of Nature and Nurture 34
Approaches to Childbirth 100
The Active Child 34
Adjusting to Parenthood 101
Links Between Different Domains of Development 35
Focus on Research: Links Between Maternal
1.4 Doing Child-Development Research 36 Depression and Children’s Behavior Problems 102
Measurement in Child-Development Research 37
Birth Complications 104
General Designs for Research 41
Cultural Influences: Infant Mortality 106
Designs for Studying Age-Related Change 46
3.4 The Newborn 108
Ethical Responsibilities 50
Assessing the Newborn 108
Communicating Research Results 51
The Newborn’s Reflexes 109
See for Yourself • Summary • Test Yourself • Key Terms
Newborn States 110
Child Development and Family Policy:
2 Heredity, Environment, and
Safe Sleeping 113
Child Development 56
Perception and Learning in the Newborn 114
2.1 Mechanisms of Heredity 57 Unifying Themes: Continuity 114
The Biology of Heredity 57 See for Yourself • Summary • Test Yourself • Key Terms
Single Gene Inheritance 59
4 Growth and Health 118
Cultural Influences: Why Do African Americans
Inherit Sickle-Cell Disease? 61 4.1 Physical Growth 119
Genetic Disorders 62 Features of Human Growth 119
Improving Children’s Lives: Genetic Counseling 63 Mechanisms of Physical Growth 122
Improving Children’s Lives: What’s the Best Food
2.2 Heredity, Environment, and Development 65
for Babies? 123
Behavioral Genetics 66
Focus on Research: Hereditary Bases of Children’s The Adolescent Growth Spurt and Puberty 125
Peer Relationships 68 Cultural Influences: Adolescent Rites
of Passage 126
Paths from Genes to Behavior 71
Unifying Themes: Nature and Nurture 75 Spotlight on Theories: A Paternal Investment
See for Yourself • Summary • Test Yourself • Key Terms Theory of Girls’ Pubertal Timing 128
7
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8 Contents
4.2 Challenges to Healthy Growth 131 6.2 Modern Theories of Cognitive Development 189
Malnutrition 131 The Sociocultural Perspective: Vygotsky’s Theory 190
Eating Disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia 133 Cultural Influences: How Do Parents in Different
Focus on Research: Evaluating a Program Cultures Scaffold Their Children’s Learning? 192
for Preventing Eating Disorders 134 Information Processing 193
Obesity 135 Core-Knowledge Theories 197
Disease 136 6.3 Understanding in Core Domains 200
Accidents 137 Understanding Objects and Their Properties 201
4.3 The Developing Nervous System 138 Focus on Research: Distinguishing Liquids
Organization of the Mature Brain 139 from Solids 202
The Developing Brain 140 Understanding Living Things 204
Child Development and Family Policy: Teenagers Understanding People 206
and the Law 142
Improving Children’s Lives: Theory of Mind
Unifying Themes: Connections 145 in Autism 208
See for Yourself • Summary • Test Yourself • Key Terms Unifying Themes: Active Children 210
See for Yourself • Summary • Test Yourself • Key Terms
5 Perceptual Processes and Motor
Development 148 7 Memory, Problem Solving,
5.1 Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes 149 and Academic Skills 214
Smell, Taste, and Touch 150
7.1 Memory 215
Hearing 151
Origins of Memory 215
Improving Children’s Lives: Hearing Impairment
Strategies for Remembering 216
in Infancy 152
Knowledge and Memory 218
Seeing 152
Spotlight on Theories: Fuzzy Trace Theory 220
Integrating Sensory Information 154
Child Development and Family Policy:
Spotlight on Theories: The Theory of Intersensory
Interviewing Children Effectively 224
Redundancy 154
7.2 Problem Solving 225
5.2 Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes 156
Developmental Trends in Solving Problems 225
Perceiving Objects 156
Features of Children’s and Adolescents’
Attention 161
Problem Solving 226
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 163
Scientific Thinking 230
Child Development and Family Policy:
Focus on Research: Learning to Design Experiments 231
What’s the Best Treatment for ADHD? 164
7.3 Academic Skills 232
5.3 Motor Development 165
Reading 233
Locomotion 166
Improving Children’s Lives: Rhyme Is Sublime
Cultural Influences: Cultural Practices
Because Sounds Abound 234
That Influence Motor Development 168
Writing 237
Fine-Motor Skills 169
Knowing and Using Numbers 240
Focus on Research: Adjusting Grasps
Cultural Influences: Fifth Grade in Taiwan 245
to Objects 170
Unifying Themes: Active Children 246
Physical Fitness 172
See for Yourself • Summary • Test Yourself • Key Terms
Unifying Themes: Active Children 174
See for Yourself • Summary • Test Yourself • Key Terms
8 Intelligence and Individual
6 Theories of Cognitive Development 178 Differences in Cognition 250
6.1 Setting the Stage: Piaget’s Theory 179 8.1 What Is Intelligence? 251
Basic Principles of Piaget’s Theory 180 Psychometric Theories 252
Stages of Cognitive Development 181 Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences 253
Piaget’s Contributions to Child Development 187 Sternberg’s Theory of Successful Intelligence 255
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Contents 9
Cultural Influences: How Culture Defines 10 Emotional Development 312
What is Intelligent 256
10.1 Emerging Emotions 313
8.2 Measuring Intelligence 257
The Function of Emotions 313
Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing 258
Experiencing and Expressing Emotions 314
Features of IQ Scores 261
Improving Children’s Lives: “But I Don’t Want
Hereditary and Environmental Factors 262
to Go to School!” 317
Child Development and Family Policy:
Providing Children with a Head Start for School 263 Recognizing and Using Others’ Emotions 318
Regulating Emotions 320
Impact of Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status 265
10.2 Temperament 322
Focus on Research: Making Tests Less Threatening 267
What Is Temperament? 322
8.3 Special Children, Special Needs 268
Spotlight on Theories: A Theory of the Structure
Gifted Children 269
of Temperament in Infancy 323
Improving Children’s Lives: Fostering Creativity 270
Hereditary and Environmental Contributions
Children with Disability 270 to Temperament 324
Spotlight on Theories: Impaired Reading Cultural Influences: Why Is Yoshimi’s Son
Comprehension Is Impaired Language So Tough? 325
Comprehension 272
Stability of Temperament 326
Unifying Themes: Nature and Nurture 274
Temperament and Other Aspects of Development 326
See for Yourself • Summary • Test Yourself • Key Terms
Focus on Research: Temperament Influences
Outcomes in Adolescence and Adulthood 327
9 Language and Communication 278
10.3 Attachment 329
9.1 The Road to Speech 279 The Growth of Attachment 329
Elements of Language 279 The Quality of Attachment 331
Perceiving Speech 280 Child Development and Family Policy:
Child Development and Family Policy: Are Cochlear Determining Guidelines for Child Care
Implants Effective for Young Children? 283 for Infants and Toddlers 336
First Steps to Speech 284 Unifying Themes: Active Children 336
9.2 Learning the Meanings of Words 285 See for Yourself • Summary • Test Yourself • Key Terms
Understanding Words as Symbols 285
Fast Mapping Meanings to Words 286 11 Understanding Self and Others 340
Spotlight on Theories: A Shape-Bias Theory
11.1 Who Am I? Self-Concept 341
of Word Learning 288
Origins of Self-Recognition 341
Individual Differences in Word Learning 290
The Evolving Self-Concept 342
Focus on Research: Why Does Exposure to Parents’
The Search for Identity 344
Speech Increase Children’s Vocabulary? 291
Cultural Influences: Dea’s Ethnic Identity 346
Encouraging Word Learning 292
11.2 Self-Esteem 350
Cultural Influences: Growing Up Bilingual 293
Developmental Change in Self-Esteem 350
Beyond Words: Other Symbols 295
Variations in Self-Esteem Associated
9.3 Speaking in Sentences 296 with Ethnicity and Culture 352
From Two-Word Speech to Complex Sentences 297 Sources of Self-Esteem 353
Mastering Grammar 298 Low Self-Esteem: Cause or Consequence? 354
Improving Children’s Lives: Promoting Language 11.3 Understanding Others 355
Development 302 Describing Others 356
9.4 Using Language to Communicate 303 Understanding What Others Think 357
Taking Turns 304 Prejudice 359
Speaking Effectively 305 Spotlight on Theories: Developmental
Listening Well 306 Intergroup Theory 360
Unifying Themes: Connections 308 Focus on Research: Who Is Resilient in the Face
See for Yourself • Summary • Test Yourself • Key Terms of Discrimination? 362
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