Children and Migration: At the Crossroads of Resiliency and Vulnerability PDF
Preview Children and Migration: At the Crossroads of Resiliency and Vulnerability
Children and Migration AlsobyMarisaO.Ensor THELEGACYOFHURRICANEMITCH:LessonsfromPost-Disaster ReconstructioninHonduras(edited) AlsobyElz˙bietaM.Goz´dziak BEYONDTHEGATEWAY:ImmigrantsinaChangingAmerica(co-edited) DATAANDRESEARCHONHUMANTRAFFICKING:AGlobalSurvey(co-edited) NEWIMMIGRANTS,CHANGINGCOMMUNITIES:BestPractice foraBetterAmerica(co-author) RETHINKINGREFUGEANDDISPLACEMENT:SelectedPapersofRefugees andImmigrants(co-edited) Children and Migration At the Crossroads of Resiliency and Vulnerability Editedby Marisa O. Ensor AmericanUniversityinCairo,Egypt and Elz˙bieta M. Goz´dziak GeorgetownUniversity,USA Selectionandeditorialmatter©MarisaO.Ensorand Elz˙bietaM.Go´zdziak2010 Individualchapters©theirrespectiveauthors2010 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-27253-8 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6-10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentified astheauthorsofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2010by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-32332-6 ISBN 978-0-230-29709-8(eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230297098 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Contents ListofFiguresandTables vii Acknowledgments viii AbouttheContributors ix Introduction:MigrantChildrenattheCrossroads 1 MarisaO.EnsorandElz˙bietaM.Goz´dziak Part I UnderstandingMigrantChildren:Research, Voice,andRepresentation 1 UnderstandingMigrantChildren:Conceptualizations, Approaches,andIssues 15 MarisaO.Ensor 2 MigrantChildreninHaiti:DomesticLaborandthe PoliticsofRepresentation 36 DianeM.Hoffman 3 AttheCrossroadsofChildhood,Media,andMigration 54 LiesbethdeBlockandDavidBuckingham Part II ReviewingPolicies:TakingResponsibilityfor theRightsofMigrantChildren 4 TheProductionofCriminalMigrantChildren: Surveillance,Detention,andDeportationinFrance 79 SusanJ.Terrio 5 ProtectingtheRightsofInternallyDisplacedChildren 97 ElizabethG.Ferris 6 WithoutFaceorFuture:StatelessInfants,Children,and Youth 117 MaureenLynch v vi Contents Part III RethinkingPractices:CreatingSpacesfor Agency 7 UnaccompaniedMinorsattheCrossroadsinBritish Columbia:MigrationandTrafficking 143 RobinE.PikeandCynthiaC.L.Field 8 IntheBestInterestoftheChild:Perceptions,Responses, andChallengesinProvidingAssistancetoTrafficked ChildrenintheUnitedStates 166 Elz˙bietaM.Goz´dziak 9 SocialMobilityinChildren’sMobility?AnInvestigation intoChildCirculationamongtheMaasaiofKenya 187 CarolineArchambaultandJoostdeLaat Part IV SearchingforNewOpportunities:Working andLearninginaNewLand 10 MigratingwithHonor:SitesofAgencyandPowerinChild LaborMigrationinBangladesh 209 KarinHeissler 11 TransnationalStudents’PerspectivesonSchoolinginthe UnitedStatesandMexico:TheSalienceofSchool ExperienceandCountryofBirth 230 EdmundT.Hamann,VíctorZúñiga,andJuanSánchezGarcía 12 ChildrenofMigrantHeritageandEqualityofOpportunity inFrance 253 LeslieJ.Limage TheWayForward:ConclusionsandRecommendations 274 Elz˙bietaM.Goz´dziakandMarisaO.Ensor Index 281 List of Figures and Tables Figures 7.1 Unaccompaniedminorarrivalsbymodeof transportation 151 7.2 UMarrivalsbytypeofentry 151 7.3 Legalentry 152 7.4 UMtypeofunauthorizedentry 153 7.5 UMarrivalsbygender 153 7.6 Traffickedchildrenbyyearofarrival 155 7.7 Traffickedchildrenbymodeoftransportation 156 7.8 Patternsoftraffickedchildrenbygender 157 Tables 7.1 Unaccompaniedminorarrivalsbyyear 150 7.2 Unaccompaniedminorarrivalsbycountryoforigin 150 7.3 Traffickedchildrenbycountryoforigin 155 11.1 Schoolaspirations 234 11.2 Self-describedqualityofschoolmarks 234 11.3 HowwouldyoucompareUSschoolstoMexicanones? 235 11.4 HowareMexicanstudentstreatedinUSschools? 235 11.5 HowdoyourclassmateswithUSschoolexperience speakSpanish? 236 11.6 Haveyoueverrepeatedagrade? 236 vii Acknowledgments This volume would not have been possible without the support and collaboration of great many people. Our heartfelt appreciation goes to the authors who have contributed their research on children on the move to make this book a reality. It has been a pleasure working with eachandeveryoneofthem. WeareparticularlygratefultoPhilippaGrand,oureditoratPalgrave, and her team for their enthusiastic support of this project. We are also indebtedtotheanonymousreviewerswhocriticallyevaluatedourbook proposalandprovidedinvaluableadvicetostrengthenthevolume. We are also deeply indebted to Jill Floyd, a graduate research assis- tant at the Institute for the Study of International Migration (ISIM) at GeorgetownUniversity,forhereditorialassistance.Withoutherexcep- tionalcommandoftheEnglishlanguage,attentiontodetail,andgood humor,thetaskofcopyeditingandformattingthisvolumewouldhave beendauntingindeed. Various sources provided material support that enabled us to com- plete this project. They include the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), theMacarthurFoundation,andtheUSConferenceofCatholicBishops (USCCB). Wealsowanttothankeachother!ThedistancebetweenWashington, DC and Cairo, Egypt, notwithstanding, the production of this volume was an intimate intellectual endeavor and a rewarding experience. We arealreadyplanningournextcollaboration. Finally, we wish to express our admiration for all the migrant chil- dren whose experiences of displacement and coping, tribulations and triumphs have inspired our work over the years. For their brave deter- minationinthefaceofoftenformidablechallenges,andtheirgenerosity in sharingtheirstories, we thankthem from thebottom of ourhearts! ¡gracias!Dzie˛kuje˛! May their dreams and hopes for a better tomorrow be fulfilled, wherevertheirjourneysmaytakethem! viii About the Contributors Caroline Archambault is Assistant Professor of Anthropology and Director of the University College Utrecht (UCU) in Africa Field Stud- iesandDevelopmentInternshipProgramattheUCU,theNetherlands. Her research revolves around issues relating to children’s rights at the intersectionofsocialanthropology,development,anddemography.She works primarily in East Africa, with much of her work focused on the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania. Her main topics of research include education, migration, social organization, property rights, livelihood diversification, social organization, gender, childhood, and poverty. In herresearchsheemploysacombinationofqualitativeandquantitative techniques.Herrecentpublicationsinclude“PainwithPunishmentand the Negotiation of Childhood: An Ethnographic Analysis of Children’s Rights Processes in Maasailand” (Africa: The Journal of the International AfricanInstitute,2009),“WomenLeftBehind?:Migration,SpousalSepa- ration,andtheAutonomyofRuralWomeninUgweno,Tanzania”(Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 2010), and “Fixing Families of Mobile Children: Recreating Kinship and Belonging among Maasai AdopteesinKenya”(SpecialIssueofChildhood:AJournalofGlobalChild Research,2010). Liesbeth de Block is a lecturer in media, culture, and communication at the Institute of Education and a research officer in the Centre for the Study of Children, Youth and Media. Her research interests are in the role that media play in children’s experiences of migration and settling. Previously she worked in London schools supporting refugee children. David Buckingham is Professor of Education at the Institute of Edu- cation,LondonUniversity,wherehedirectstheCentrefortheStudyof Children,YouthandMedia(www.childrenyouthandmediacentre.co.uk). His research focuses on children and young people’s interactions with electronicmedia,andonmediaeducation. Marisa O. Ensor is an assistant professor of anthropology at the American University in Cairo. Her research examines the experiences ofchildren,women,andtheelderlyinsituationsofdisaster-,conflict-, ix
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