Child Development: A Thematic Approach PDF
Preview Child Development: A Thematic Approach
307673_FM.qxd pp3 3/3/03 8:35 AM Page i FIFTH EDITION Child Development A THEMATIC APPROACH Danuta Bukatko College of the Holy Cross Marvin W.Daehler University of Massachusetts,Amherst Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York ... 307673_FM.qxd pp3 3/3/03 8:35 AM Page ii To Don and Nicholas D.B. To June, and to Curtis and Angela, Joshua, and Renée M.W.D. Editor-in-Chief:Charles Hartford Senior Sponsoring Editor:Kerry Baruth Development Editor:Rita Lombard Editorial Assistant:Caryn Yilmaz Senior Project Editor:Aileen Mason Editorial Assistant:Liliana Ritter Production/Design Coordinator:Jodi O’Rourke Senior Manufacturing Manager:Jane Spelman Senior Marketing Manager:Katherine Greig Marketing Assistant:Anne Tousey Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company.All rights reserved. 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Library ofCongress Control Number:2002116641 ISBN:0-618-33338-X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-VHP-07 06 05 04 03 ...... 307673_FM.qxd pp3 3/3/03 8:35 AM Page iii Brief Contents Preface xiii 1 Themes and Theories 1 2 Studying Child Development 38 3 Genetics and Heredity 63 4 The Prenatal Period and Birth 104 5 Brain,Motor Skill,and Physical Development 147 6 Basic Learning and Perception 189 7 Language 228 8 Cognition:Piaget and Vygotsky 270 9 Cognition:Information Processing 310 10 Intelligence 346 11 Emotion 379 12 Self and Values 420 13 Gender 464 14 The Family 496 15 Peers 533 16 Beyond Family and Peers 567 Glossary G–1 References R–1 Credits C–1 Name Index NI–1 Subject Index SI–1 iii ...... 307673_FM.qxd pp3 3/3/03 8:35 AM Page iv ...... 307673_FM.qxd pp3 3/3/03 8:35 AM Page v Contents Preface xiii Contextual Approaches 28 Ecological Systems Theory 29 Vygotsky’s Sociohistorical Theory 30 1 Themes and Theories 1 Dynamic Systems Theory 32 Ethological Theory 32 What Is Development? 3 Contextual Approaches and Themes in Development 33 Six Major Themes in Developmental Psychology 5 What Develops? 34 What Roles Do Nature and Nurture Play in Chapter Recap 36 Development? 5 Summary ofTopics 36 How Does the Sociocultural Context Influence Development? 6 2 Studying Child Development 38 How Does the Child Play an Active Role in Development? 7 Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous? 7 Research Methods in Developmental How Prominent Are Individual Differences in Psychology 39 Development? 9 Measuring Attributes and Behaviors 40 How Do the Various Domains ofDevelopment Methods ofCollecting Data 40 Interact? 9 Research Designs 46 The Study of the Child: Strategies for Assessing Developmental Change 52 Historical Perspectives 10 Cross-Cultural Studies ofDevelopment 56 The Concept ofChildhood 10 Ethical Issues in Developmental The Origins ofDevelopmental Psychology 13 Research 58 The Continued Growth ofDevelopmental Psychology CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER in the Twentieth Century 16 Should Researchers Reveal Information They Learning Theory Approaches 17 Learn About Participants in Their Studies? 60 Behavior Analysis 18 Chapter Recap 61 Social Learning Theory 19 Summary ofTopics 61 Learning Theory and Themes in Development 20 Cognitive-Developmental Approaches 21 3 Genetics and Heredity 63 Piaget’s Theory 21 Piaget’s Theory and Themes in Development 23 Principles of Hereditary Transmission 65 Information-Processing Approaches 24 The Building Blocks ofHeredity 66 Information-Processing Approaches and Themes in Cell Division and Chromosome Duplication 66 Development 25 Gene Expression 70 Erikson’s Psychosocial Approach 26 Gene Functioning and Regulation ofDevelopment 71 Psychosocial Theory 26 Gene and Chromosomal Abnormalities 74 Psychosocial Theory and Themes in Gene Variations 74 Development 27 Chromosome Variations 80 v ...... 307673_FM.qxd pp3 3/3/03 8:35 AM Page vi vi Contents Genetic Counseling 85 Newborn Assessment and States 142 Prenatal Diagnosis 85 Assessing Newborns 142 Ethical and Social Issues 87 Newborn States 143 CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER Chapter Recap 144 Should Sex Preselection Be Permitted? 88 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 144 Developmental and Behavioral Genetics 90 Summary ofTopics 145 The Methods ofBehavioral Geneticists 90 Conceptualizing the Interaction Between Genotype Brain,Motor Skill,and and Environment 92 5 Physical Development 147 Conceptualizing the Correlation Between Genotype and Environment 93 Hereditary and Environmental Influences on The Brain and Nervous System 149 Behavior 95 The Developing Brain 150 RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING Plasticity in Brain Development 153 Treating Siblings Fairly 98 Brain Lateralization 154 Chapter Recap 101 Motor Skill Development 155 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 101 The First Actions:Reflexes 155 Summary ofTopics 102 RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING Reducing Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 157 The Prenatal Period Motor Milestones 160 4 and Birth 104 Motor Skills in the Preschool and Later-Childhood Years 162 Determinants ofMotor Development 164 The Stages of Prenatal Development 106 Cross-Cultural Differences 165 Fertilization 106 Body Growth and Development 166 The Germinal Period 107 Norms ofGrowth 167 The Embryonic Period 108 Patterns in Body Growth 168 The Fetal Period 112 Determinants ofBody Growth and Development 170 Assisted Reproduction 113 The Social-Emotional Consequences ofBody Environmental Factors Influencing Prenatal Growth 174 Development 115 ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT Support Within the Womb 115 Dieting and Eating Disorders 177 Principles ofTeratology 116 Physical Maturity 179 Drugs as Teratogens 118 Defining Maturity 179 CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER Early Versus Late Maturity 181 Should a Drug-Abusing Expectant Woman Be Sexual Behavior 183 Charged with Child Abuse? 123 CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER Diseases as Teratogens 125 What Should Sex Education Programs Environmental Hazards as Teratogens 128 Emphasize? 184 Women’s Conditions and Prenatal Chapter Recap 186 Development 128 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 186 A Final Note on Environment and Prenatal Summary ofTopics 187 Development 131 Birth and the Perinatal Environment 132 Preparing for Childbirth 132 Basic Learning 6 and Perception 189 RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING Nurturing and Caring During Labor 133 Basic Learning Processes in Infancy and Labor and Delivery 134 Childhood 191 Low Birth Weight 138 Habituation 191 ...... 307673_FM.qxd pp3 3/3/03 8:35 AM Page vii Contents vii Classical Conditioning 191 Language and Cognition 262 Operant Conditioning 192 CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING How Should Bilingual Education Programs Be Reducing Sleep Disturbances Through Changes Structured? 264 in Learned Behavior 193 Language and Self-regulation 265 Imitation 195 Language and Cultural Socialization 266 Implicit Learning 197 Chapter Recap 267 Sensory and Perceptual Capacities 198 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 267 Measuring Infant Sensory and Perceptual Summary ofTopics 268 Capacities 199 EXAMINING RESEARCH METHODS Cognition: Piaget 8 Habituation Procedures 200 andVygotsky 270 Vision 201 ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Visual Problems in Infancy 204 Development 272 Audition 210 Stages ofDevelopment 272 CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER Implications for Education 277 Should the Fetus Undergo a Sensory Evaluating Piaget’s Theory 278 Curriculum? 212 EXAMINING RESEARCH METHODS Smell,Taste,Touch,and Sensitivity to Pain 216 Ensuring Experimental Control in Studying the Intermodal Perception 218 Object Concept 279 Perceptual Development Throughout Neo-Piagetian Approaches 282 Childhood 222 Concept Development 283 Perceptual Learning 222 Properties ofObjects 284 Experience and Perceptual Development 223 Classification 288 Chapter Recap 225 Numerical Concepts 292 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 225 Spatial Relationships 295 Summary ofTopics 225 Understanding Psychological States 297 Perspective Taking:Taking the Views ofOthers 297 7 Language 228 The Child’s Theory ofMind 298 ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT The Course of Language Childhood Autism 300 Acquisition 230 Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Phonology 231 Development 301 ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT Scaffolding 301 Language-Impaired Children 234 The Role ofSkilled Collaborators 303 Semantics 235 RESEARCH APPLIEDTO EDUCATION Grammar 242 Reciprocal Teaching 305 Pragmatics 245 Chapter Recap 307 Metalinguistic Awareness 248 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 307 Explaining Language Acquisition 251 Summary ofTopics 307 The Role ofBiology 251 The Linguistic Perspective 254 Cognition: Information Learning and Cognition 256 9 The Social Interaction Perspective 257 Processing 310 RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING Reading to Children 261 The Information-Processing Approach 311 The Functions of Language 262 The Development of Attention 313 ...... 307673_FM.qxd pp3 3/3/03 8:35 AM Page viii viii Contents Sustaining Attention 313 Chapter Recap 376 Deploying Attention 314 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 376 Selective Attention 315 Summary ofTopics 377 ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 316 11 Emotion 379 The Development of Memory 317 Recognition Memory 317 What Are Emotions? 381 Recall Memory 320 The Functions ofEmotions 381 Autobiographical Memory 326 Measuring Emotions 381 CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER How Reliable Is Children’s Eyewitness EXAMINING RESEARCH METHODS Using Structured Observations to Record Testimony? 328 Infants’Facial Expressions 382 Brain Development and Memory 329 Theoretical Perspectives on Emotional The Development of Problem-Solving Development 384 Skills 330 Components ofProblem Solving 332 Expressing,Understanding,and Regulating Emotions 386 EXAMINING RESEARCHMETHODS Early Emotional Development 387 Using the Microgenetic Approach to Study Later Emotional Development 391 Children’s Problem-Solving Strategies 335 ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH APPLIEDTO EDUCATION Adolescent Depression and Suicide 396 Facilitating Transfer in the Classroom 337 Variations in Emotional The Development ofScientific Thinking 339 Development 397 The Executive Function 341 Temperament 397 Chapter Recap 343 Sex Differences in Emotions 399 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 343 Cultural Differences in Emotions 400 Summary ofTopics 344 Attachment:Emotional Relationships with Others 401 10 Intelligence 346 The Origins ofAttachment:Theoretical Perspectives 402 The Developmental Course ofAttachment 404 What Is Intelligence? 348 RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING Psychometric Approaches 349 Promoting Secure Attachment in Irritable Information-Processing Approaches 351 Infants 408 Measuring Intelligence 355 Disruptions in Attachment 413 ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT Chapter Recap 417 Exceptional Intelligence 356 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 417 Standardized Tests ofIntelligence 358 Summary ofTopics 418 Stability and Prediction 361 RESEARCH APPLIEDTO EDUCATION 12 Self andValues 420 Interpreting IQ Test Scores 365 Factors Related to Intelligence 366 Group Differences in IQ Scores 367 The Concept of Self 422 The Role ofEarly Experiences 370 Selfas Object 422 EXAMINING RESEARCHMETHODS Selfas Subject 426 Using Correlations to Test Models of RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING Causality 371 Preventing Learned Helplessness 429 The Child’s Sociocultural Environment 375 Self-esteem:Evaluating Self 432 ...... 307673_FM.qxd pp3 3/3/03 8:35 AM Page ix Contents ix CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER Alternative Conceptualizations of Gender 491 Is Praise Always a Good Thing? 435 Androgyny 491 Identity 436 The Relational Approach 492 Self-regulation and Self-control 439 Chapter Recap 493 Developmental Changes 439 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 493 The Influence ofLanguage and Attention 440 Summary ofTopics 494 Individual Differences 441 Moral Development 443 14 The Family 496 Freud’s Theory 443 Social Learning Theory 444 Cognitive-Developmental Theories 445 Understanding the Family 498 Prosocial Behavior 453 The Demographics ofthe American Family 498 A Systems Approach 498 The Development ofProsocial Behaviors and Altruism 453 Parents and Socialization 500 ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT Styles ofParenting 501 Effective Parenting 503 Conduct Disorders 455 Additional Factors in Prosocial Behavior 460 CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER Should Parents Spank Their Children? 505 Chapter Recap 461 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 461 RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING Summary ofTopics 461 Managing Noncompliant Children 506 Factors That Influence Parenting Strategies 507 Problems in Parenting 510 13 Gender 464 ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 512 Cultural and Social Class Variations in Parenting 513 Gender StereotypesVersus Actual Sex Relationships with Mothers,Fathers,and Differences 466 Siblings 516 The Stereotypes:What Are They? 466 Mothering Versus Fathering:Are There Children’s Knowledge ofGender Differences? 516 Stereotypes 467 Siblings 519 What Sex Differences Actually Exist? 468 Sex Differences in Perspective 472 Families in Transition 522 Maternal Employment 522 Theories of Gender-Role Development 472 The Effects ofDivorce 526 Biological Theories 472 Single-Parent Families 530 ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT Chapter Recap 531 Hormonal Disorders in Children 473 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 531 Social Learning Theory 474 Summary ofTopics 532 Cognitive-Developmental Theories 477 The Socialization of Gender Roles 480 15 Peers 533 The Influence ofParents 481 The Influence ofPeers 483 CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER Developmental Changes in Peer Relations 535 Is Gender Identity Disorder Really a Early Peer Exchanges and Play 535 Disorder? 485 The School Years and Adolescence 537 The Influence ofTeachers and Schools 487 Peer Group Dynamics 539 RESEARCH APPLIEDTO EDUCATION Peer Group Formation 539 Promoting Gender Equity in the Dominance Hierarchies 542 Classroom 488 Peer Pressure and Conformity 543 ...... 307673_FM.qxd pp3 3/3/03 8:35 AM Page x x Contents Peers as Agents of Socialization 544 Computers 579 Peers as Models 545 Academic Mastery and Cognition 580 Peers as Reinforcers 545 Social Development 581 Peer Popularity and Social Competence 545 CONTROVERSY:THINKING IT OVER EXAMINING RESEARCH METHODS What Regulations Should Exist for Children’s Using Questionnaires to Assess Peer Access to the Internet? 582 Status 546 Sex Differences 583 Characteristics ofPopular and Unpopular School 583 Children 548 EXAMINING RESEARCH METHODS ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT Interpreting Cross-Cultural Test Results 584 Social Withdrawal 551 Families and Peers as Agents Mediating School The Origins ofSocial Competence 552 Achievement 586 RESEARCH APPLIEDTO EDUCATION School and Classroom Size 588 Helping the Victims of Aggression 555 School Transitions 589 Teachers:Key Agents ofInfluence 592 Training Social Skills 557 Cultural Differences in School Achievement 595 Children’s Friendships 559 ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT Children’s Patterns and Conceptions of Educating Youths with Serious Emotional Friendship 559 Disturbances 598 How Children Become Friends 562 School Violence 599 The Functions ofFriendship 563 Chapter Recap 565 Neighborhoods 601 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 565 Do Neighborhoods Matter? 601 Summary ofTopics 566 War and Children 602 Chapter Recap 603 16 Beyond Family and Peers 567 Summary ofDevelopmental Themes 603 Summary ofTopics 604 Television 568 Glossary G–1 Children’s Comprehension ofTelevision Programs 569 References R–1 Television’s Influence on Cognitive and Language Credits C–1 Development 571 Name Index NI–I Television’s Influence on Social Development 573 Subject Index SI–1 RESEARCH APPLIEDTO PARENTING Encouraging Critical Skills in Television Viewing 577 ......
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