Child Abuse and Neglect: Forensic Issues in Evidence, Impact and Management

488 Pages·2019·17.716 MB·English

by  India Bryce, Yolande Robinson, Wayne Petherick

Child Abuse and Neglect
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Child Abuse and Neglect
Forensic Issues in Evidence, Impact, and
Management
Edited By
India Bryce
University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
Yolande Robinson
School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
Wayne Petherick
Faculty of Society and Design, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Contents
Contributors ......................................................................................................xv
Foreword .........................................................................................................xvii
Preface .............................................................................................................xix
Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................xxvii
About the Authors ...........................................................................................xxxi
Part 1 Types of Child Abuse 1
Chapter 1: Child Abuse: Types and Emergent Issues ................................................3
Yolande Robinson
1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................3
2 Emotional Abuse ........................................................................................................5
3 Foetal Abuse ..............................................................................................................6
3.1 Intimate Partner Violence .......................................................................................7
3.2 Maternal Substance Abuse .....................................................................................8
4 Neglect .....................................................................................................................10
5 Physical Abuse .........................................................................................................12
6 Sexual Abuse............................................................................................................13
7 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................15
Chapter Review Questions ...........................................................................................16
References....................................................................................................................16
Chapter 2: Intimate Partner Violence as a Form of Child Abuse ..............................23
Victoria Marshall, Lesley-Anne Ey, Chris Goddard
1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................23
2 Definition and Terminology ..................................................................................23
3 Understanding IPV ...............................................................................................24
4 Children’s Rights ..................................................................................................26
5 Research With Children Living With IPV ............................................................27
6 Data and Research Challenges ..............................................................................27
7 IPV and Other Violence in Children’s Lives ........................................................28
8 Trauma Theory ......................................................................................................29
9 Role of Developmental Stage ...............................................................................31
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Contents
10 Differentiating Children’s Experiences by Age and Developmental Stage ..........32
11 Children’s Experiences and Responses ................................................................33
12 Nonabusive Caregiver and Their Relationship With the Child .............................35
13 Postseparation Violence and Fathering .................................................................38
14 Children’s Voices ..................................................................................................38
15 Conclusion ............................................................................................................39
Chapter Review Questions ...........................................................................................40
References....................................................................................................................40
Chapter 3: Keeping Our Eye on Sex, Power, Relationships, and Institutional
Contexts in Preventing Institutional Child Sexual Abuse .........................................45
Daryl Higgins, Tim Moore
1 Nature and Extent of Child Sexual Abuse in Institutions ........................................45
1.1 The Nature and Extent of Institutional Child Sexual Abuse ................................46
2 Organisational, Contextual, Individual Risk Factors: A Situational Crime
Prevention Approach ...............................................................................................47
3 Institutional Child Sexual Abuse: Similarities and Differences to
Other Abuse Contexts and Types .............................................................................52
3.1 Home and Away: Are the Risks for Child Sexual Abuse
Dependent on Location/Context? ........................................................................53
4 Creating Cultures that Foster Positive Attitudes Towards Sex,
Sexuality and Healthy Relationships .......................................................................54
4.1 The Influence of Organisational Cultures ............................................................54
4.2 Attitudes and Behaviours Regarding Sex and Sexuality That may
Compromise Children’s Safety ............................................................................55
4.3 Hypersexualized and Macho Cultures .................................................................57
4.4 Organisational Cultures and Responses to Abuse ................................................58
4.5 Promoting Child-Safe Cultures ............................................................................58
5 Conclusions .............................................................................................................59
Chapter Review Questions ...........................................................................................60
References....................................................................................................................60
Chapter 4: Online Child Sexual Abuse ..................................................................63
Elena Martellozzo
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................63
1.1 Online Risks: The Broad Picture .........................................................................63
2 Understanding and Defining Online Grooming ......................................................64
3 Understanding the Types of Online Offenders ........................................................67
4 Policy and Legislation Context in Dealing With Online Child Sexual Abuse .........70
5 Child Sexual Abuse Images on the Internet .............................................................71
6 Classification of the Severity of the Image ..............................................................72
7 Addressing the Problem of Child Abuse Images in the United Kingdom and in
Europe ......................................................................................................................73
8 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................74
Chapter Review Questions ...........................................................................................75
References....................................................................................................................75
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Contents
Chapter 5: Understanding Violent Extremism and Child Abuse:
A Psychological Analysis .....................................................................................79
Vaishnavi Honnavalli, Loo Seng Neo, Ruth Gan, Shi Hui Tee, Majeed Khader, Jeffery Chin
1 World Health Organisation’s Classification of Child Abuse ...................................81
1.1 Physical Abuse .....................................................................................................81
1.2 Emotional Abuse ..................................................................................................82
1.3 Neglect and Negligent Treatment ........................................................................83
1.4 Sexual Abuse ........................................................................................................84
1.5 Exploitation ..........................................................................................................85
2 Case Study Analysis of Violent Extremism and Child Abuse .................................85
2.1 Syria: The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) ................................................86
2.2 Sri Lanka: The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam [LTTE] ..................................87
3 Implications for Academics and Practitioners .........................................................89
4 Chapter Review Questions .......................................................................................91
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................91
References....................................................................................................................91
Chapter 6: Child Trafficking: Characteristics, Complexities,
and Challenges ..................................................................................................95
Ella Cockbain, Kristen Olver
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................95
2 Definitions, Laws, and Policies ...............................................................................95
3 Different Dimensions to Child Trafficking ..............................................................97
4 The State of the Evidence-Base on Human Trafficking ..........................................98
5 Child Trafficking: The International Picture............................................................99
6 A National Overview of Child Trafficking: The UK as a Case Study ...................101
6.1 International Trafficking for Cannabis Cultivation ............................................104
6.2 Internal Trafficking for Child Sexual Exploitation ............................................106
6.3 Internal Trafficking for ‘County Lines’ Activity ...............................................107
6.4 International Trafficking for Domestic Servitude ..............................................109
7 Conclusions and Implications ................................................................................110
Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................111
References..................................................................................................................111
Chapter 7: Gender Comparisons of Offenders: Males and Females Who
Sexually Offend Against Children ......................................................................117
Larissa S. Christensen, Katelyn Jansen
1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................117
2 Scope of Issue ........................................................................................................117
3 Characteristics Across Male- and Female-Perpetrated
Sexual Abuse .........................................................................................................118
4 Typologies/Pathways to Offending ........................................................................120
5 Impact of Sexual Abuse on Victims .......................................................................123
6 Barriers to Disclosure ............................................................................................124
7 Public and Professional Perceptions Across Male and Female Perpetrators .........125
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Contents
8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................128
9 Chapter Review Questions .....................................................................................128
References..................................................................................................................129
Part 2 Impact and Outcomes of Child Abuse 133
Chapter 8: Forensic Victimology Assessments in Child Abuse
and Neglect Cases ............................................................................................135
Wayne Petherick
1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................135
2 Victim Precipitation ...............................................................................................136
3 Victimology in Child Abuse and Neglect Cases ....................................................138
3.1 Positive and Negative Documentation .............................................................138
3.2 Administrative Inclusions ................................................................................139
3.3 Demographics ..................................................................................................139
3.4 Medical History ...............................................................................................140
3.5 Psychological History ......................................................................................140
3.6 Justice System History .....................................................................................141
3.7 Drugs and Alcohol History ..............................................................................141
3.8 Relationship History ........................................................................................142
3.9 Residential History ...........................................................................................143
3.10 Employment History ........................................................................................143
3.11 Financial History ..............................................................................................143
3.12 Technological History ......................................................................................143
3.13 Media History ..................................................................................................144
3.14 Past Victimisation ............................................................................................144
3.15 Wounds ............................................................................................................145
3.16 Risk Assessment ..............................................................................................145
4 Determine Patterns, Themes, and Associations .....................................................146
5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................148
Chapter Review Questions .........................................................................................148
References..................................................................................................................149
Chapter 9: Cumulative Harm: Chronicity, Revictimisation,
and Developmental Victimology .........................................................................151
India Bryce
1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................151
2 Cumulative Harm ...................................................................................................152
2.1 The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study ......................................................152
2.2 Cumulative Harm: Theoretical Perspectives ......................................................152
2.3 Chronic Child Maltreatment ..............................................................................154
2.4 Cumulative Harm: Multitype Maltreatment, Polyvictimisation and
Revictimisation ..................................................................................................155
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Contents
3 Impact of Cumulative Harm ..................................................................................158
3.1 Developmental Victimology ..............................................................................158
3.2 Impact of Cumulative Harm on the Developing Child ......................................159
3.3 Later Life Implications of Cumulative Harm ....................................................161
3.4 Cumulative Harm and Complex Trauma ...........................................................163
3.5 Cumulative Harm and Resilience ......................................................................164
4 Prevention and Intervention ...................................................................................166
5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................167
6 Chapter Review Questions .....................................................................................167
References..................................................................................................................168
Chapter 10: The Pathological Consequences of Exposure to Domestic
and Family Violence in Childhood .......................................................................175
Grant C.B. Sinnamon
1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................175
2 An Overview of the Impact of Childhood Maltreatment
Through DFV ........................................................................................................176
3 Characteristics of Normal Brain Development ......................................................178
4 Characteristics of Maltreatment-Induced Neurodevelopmental
Impairment ............................................................................................................179
4.1 Maltreatment and Gene Expression ...................................................................179
4.2 Neuropsychological Impacts ..............................................................................180
4.3 Neurobiological Impacts ....................................................................................182
4.4 Increased Risk of Psychiatric Disorder ..............................................................184
4.5 Increased Risk of Drug Addiction ......................................................................185
4.6 Increased Suicide Risk .......................................................................................186
4.7 Increased Risk of Somatic Illness ......................................................................186
4.8 Increased Risk of Early Mortality ......................................................................187
4.9 Additional Risks From Childhood Maltreatment ..............................................187
5 Summary and Conclusion ......................................................................................188
6 Chapter Summary ..................................................................................................188
7 Chapter Review Questions .....................................................................................190
References..................................................................................................................191
Chapter 11: Physical Punishment and Offending in Two Successive
Generations of Males .......................................................................................203
David P. Farrington, Catia G. Malvaso
1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................203
1.1 Child Physical Abuse and Offending .................................................................207
1.2 Aims of This Chapter .........................................................................................210
2 Method ...................................................................................................................210
2.1 The CSDD ..........................................................................................................210
2.2 Interviews ...........................................................................................................211
2.3 Criminal Record Searches of the G2 Males .......................................................212
2.4 Criminal Record Searches of the G3 Children ..................................................212
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