Chemistry of the non-metals : with an introduction to atomic structure and chemical bonding PDF
Preview Chemistry of the non-metals : with an introduction to atomic structure and chemical bonding
de Gruyter Textbook Steudel Chemistry of the Non-Metals Ralf Steudel Chemistry of the Non-Metals With an Introduction to Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding English Edition by F. C. Nachod, J. J. Zuckerman W DE G Walter de Gruyter Berlin · New York 1977 Title of the Original Edition Chemie der Nichtmetalle mit einer Einführung in die Theorie der Atomstruktur und der Chemischen Bindung © Copyright 1973 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin Author Ralf Steudel, Dr. rer. nat. Professor of Inorganic Chemistry Technische Universität Berlin English Edition by F. C. Nachod, Ph. D., D. Sc. Sterling -Winthrop Research Institute Rensselaer, N.Y. 12144 and Adjunct Professor of Chemistry Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, N.Y. 12181 J. I Zuckerman, Ph. D., Ph. D., D. Sc. Professor, Chairman of the Department of Chemistry The University of Oklahoma Norman, OK. 13019 With 123 figures and 52 tables Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Steudel, Ralf Chemistry of the non-metals. Translation of Chemie der Nichtmetalle. Includes index. 1. Nonmetals. 2. Atomic theory. 3. Chemical bonds. I. Title. QD161.S7313 546'.7 76-17273 ISBN 3-11-004882-5 CIP-Kurztilelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Steudel, Ralf Chemistry of the non-metals: with an introd. to atomic structure and chem. bonding. - 1. Aufl. - Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 1976. (De Gruyter textbook) ISBN 3-11-004882-5 © Copyright 1976 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 30. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form - by photoprint, microfilm, or any other means - nor transmitted nor translated into a machine language without written permission from the publisher. Typesetting: Fotosatz Tutte, Salzweg-Passau. - Printing: Karl Gerike, Berlin. - Binding: Dieter Mikolai, Berlin. - Printed in Germany. Preface This text was written at the suggestion of the publishers from the notes of lectures which I had given to advanced students for several years. It presupposes fundamental knowledge of general inorganic chemistry and attempts to present the chemical behavior of the nonmetallic elements in condensed form. The primary focus is on simpl'e, easily-visualized compounds and reactions. Molecular structure is discussed on the basis of current models of the chemical bond. The important theoretical ideas of atomic structure and chemical bonding are treat- ed in the first part of the book. Toward the end of this part empirical properties of chemical bonds are introduced which lead on to the second, topically-oriented part. Here the indispensable information about compounds and reactions becomes the main theme, and theoretical concepts are enlarged and illustrated by numerous examples which are interspersed in the representation of the factual material. The simple theory of chemical bonding based on numerous approximations is shown to be quite adequate for the interpretation of molecular structure, however, of little help so far in the explanation of chemical reactions. Hence, a balanced presentation of theory and factual material is required. Berlin, September 1976 R. Steudel Translators' Preface The marvelous variety and infinite subtlety of the non-metallic elements, their compounds, structures and reactions, is not sufficiently acknowledged in the current teaching of chemistry. It was our desire to bring to the English-speaking student the new information available on this important class of elements, by preparing an English translation of Professor Ralf Steudel's very successful text. The work opens with a brief exposition of modern ideas of chemical bonding followed by a discussion of hydrogen and the 22 elements which occupy the upper-right quadrant of the long form of the periodic table. These elements, found above the zig-zag line convention- ally drawn between aluminium, germanium, antimony and polonium and their higher congeners, are outnumbered 4:1 by the metals, but form many more com- pounds. The elements germanium and polonium are included among the non- metals. The emphasis throughout is on structure and bonding, rather than the compilation of an encyclopaedic listing of reactions. In commending the book to its readers, the translators wish to acknowledge the collaboration of the author Professor Ralf Steudel, and Dr. Rudolf Weber of Walter de Gruyter in Berlin. Albany, October 1976 J.J.Zuckerman F. C. Nachod Table of Contents Part I: Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding 1. Introduction 17 2. Elementary Particles 18 3. Units and Conversion Factors 20 4. Atomic Models 21 4.1. Structure and Properties of the Electron Cloud 21 4.1.1. The Hydrogen Atom 21 4.1.2. Many Electron Atoms 46 4.1.3. The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic System 49 4.2. The Structure and Properties of Atomic Nuclei 55 5. Theory of the Chemical Bond 59 5.1. The Ionic Bond 59 5.1.1. Introduction 59 5.1.2. lonization Energy 60 5.1.3. Electron Affinity 61 5.1.4. Ion Lattices and Ionic Radii 62 5.1.5. Lattice Energy 64 5.1.6. Determination of Lattice Energy 64 5.1.7. Importance of the Lattice Energy 67 5.1.8. Polarization of Anions by Cations 69 5.2. The Covalent Bond 71 5.2.1. The Bohr Atomic Model and Molecule Formation 72 5.2.2. The VB Theory of the Covalent Bond 74 5.2.3. The Molecular Orbital Theory of the Covalent Bond 97 5.2.4. The Coordinate Bond 110 5.3. The Van der Waals Bond 112 5.3.1. The Dipole Effect 112 5.3.2. The Induction Effect 113 5.3.3. The Dispersion Effect 113 5.3.4. Van der Waals Radii 115 5.4. Molecular Geometry 117 5.4.1. Theory of Electron Pair Repulsion 117 5.4.2. Molecular Symmetry and Point Group Symbols 123
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