Chemistry Demystified (TAB Demystified)

291 Pages·2003·5.53 MB·English

by  Linda Williams

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Linda Williams ©
Other Titles in the McGraw-Hill Demystified Series

‘Astronomy Demystified by Stan Gibiisco
Calculus Demysttied by Steven G. Krantz
Physics Demystied by Stan Gibilisco
—

CHEMISTRY DEMYSTIFIED

LINDA D. WILLIAMS
The McGraw ‘Hill Companies

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CONTENTS

Preface vii

‘Acknowledgments xiii

PART ONE: — UNDERSTANDING MATTER

CHAPTER 1 Scientific Method and Chemistry 3
CHAPTER 2 Data and How to Study It 13
CHAPTER 3 Properties of Matter 26

CHAPTER 4 Elements, Symbols, and the Periodic Table 36
Test: Part One 50

PART TWO: CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS

CHAPTER 5 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds 59
CHAPTER 6 Electron Configurations 70
CHAPTER 7 Concentration and Molarity 82
CHAPTER 8 The Hydrogen Atom 92

Test: Part Two 101
a

PART THREE:

CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 10

CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 12

PART FOUR:
CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 15,
CHAPTER 16
CHAPTER 17
CHAPTER 18

CONTENTS

ELEMENTS, GROUPS, AND BEHAVIOR

‘Atomic Number and Ions

Organic Chemistry and Functional
Groups

Radiochemistry
Metals
Test: Part Three

PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS:

Chemical Bonding

Acids and Bases

Solids

Liquids

Gases

Biochemistry, Nanotechnology, and the
Future

Test: Part Four

Final Exam

Answers to Quiz, Test, and Exam
Questions

References

Index

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122
134,
144,
156

165
179
191
200
210

226

234
241

263
272
274
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PREFACE

‘This book is for anyone who has an interest in chemistry and wants to learn
more about it outside of a formal classroom setting. It can also be used by
home-schooled students, tutored students, and those people wishing t0
‘change careers, The material is presented in an easy-to-follow way and can
be best understood when read from beginning to end. However, if you just
‘want more information on specific topics like radioactivity ‘or organic
chemistry, then those sections can be reviewed individually as well

‘You will notice through the course of this book that I have mentioned
many milestone accomplishments of chemists, physicists, biochemists, and
physicians. In particular, [have noted when a new discovery earned a Nobel
prize for excellence and the advancement of science. Ihave highlighted these
achievements to give you an idea of how much the questions and bright ideas
‘of curious people (who just happen to lke science) have brought to humane
kind

Science is all about curiosity and the desire to find out how something
happens, Nobel prize winners were once students who daydreamed about
new ways of doing things, They knew answers had to be there and they
were stubborn enough to dig for them. The Nobel prize for science has
been awarded over 470 times. (Don’t worry I haven't described every prize
in this book.) However, to give you an idea of chemistry’s diversity, I have
listed some of the research areas that the Nobel (actors have Oscar and
scientists have Nobel) has touched since 1901

isolation of fluorine
fermentation and investigations in biological chemistry
catalysis and investigations of chemical equilibrium and reaction rates
discovery of the elements radium and polonium
‘methods of hydrogenating organic compounds
—Qy— PREFACE

‘© linking up atoms within the molecule
investigations on dipole moments and diffraction of X-ray

trons in gases

‘isolating the coloring compounds of plants, especially chlorophyll

‘© discovery of the origin and nature of isotopes

‘© understanding atomic fission

and elee-

discovery of the molecular structure of insulin
electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radi-
cals

‘deciphering the structure of biological molecules like antibioties and
cholesterol

developing methods to map the structure and function of DNA,
discovering the detailed structures of viruses,

development of direct methods to determine crystal structures
refinements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
understanding chemical processes that deplete the earth's ozone shield
discovery of a new class of carbon molecule (fullerenes)

invention of the world’s fastest camera that captures atoms in motion

In 1863, Alfred Nobel experienced a tragic loss in an experiment with
nitroglycerine that destroyed two wings of the family mansion and killed
his younger brother and four others. Nobel had discovered the most powerful
weapon of that time, dynamite

‘By the end of his life, Nobel had 355 patents for various inventions. After
his death in 1896, Nobel's will described the establishment of a foundation to
create five prizes of equal value “For those who, in the previous year, have
contributed best towards the benefits for humankind” in the areas of chem
istry, physics, physiology/medicine, literature, and peace. Nobel wanted to
recognize the heroes of science and encourage others in their quest for knowl
edge. My hope is that in including some of the Nobel prize winners in this
{eat you too will be encouraged by the suocess and inventiveness of earlier
scientists who were curious to know how and why things happen,

This book provides a general overview of chemistry with sections on all the
‘main areas you'll find in a chemistry classroom or individual study of the
subject. The basics are covered to familiarize you with the terms and concepts
‘most common in experimental sciences like chemistry. There is a Periodic
Table printed on the inside cover of this book, as well as in Chapter 4 10
use as a reference. Additionally, I have listed a couple of Internet sites on the
Periodic Table that have a lot of good information. The Periodic Table isthe
single most useful tool in the study of chemistry beside the pencil. The com
plete description of the Periodic Table and its uses is described in Chapter 4
PREFACE ——~fé

‘Throughout the text have provided examples for you to work, as well as
‘quiz, test, and exam questions. All the questions are multiple choice and very
ruc like those used in standardized tests. There isa short quiz atthe end of
‘each chapter. These quizzes are “open book.” You shouldn't have much
trouble with them. You can look back at the chapter text to refresh your
memory or check the details of a reaction, Write your answers down and
have a fiend or parent check your score with the answers in the back of the
book. You may want to linger in a chapter until you have a good handle on
the material and get most of the answers right before moving on.

This book is divided into major sections. A multiple-choice test follows
‘each of these sections. When you have comple mn, go ahead and
take the section test. Take the tests “closed book” when you are confident
about your skills on the individual quizzes. Try not to look back at the text
‘material when you are taking them. The questions are no more difficult than
the quizzes, but serve as a more complete review. I have thrown in several
“wacky” answers to keep you awake and make the tests more fun. A good
score is three-quarters of the answers right. Remember, all answers are in the
back of the book.

‘The final exam at the end of the course is made up of easier questions than
those of the quizzes and section tests. Take the exam when you have finished
all the chapter quizzes and section tests and feel comfortable with the
material as a whole. A good score on the exam is at least 75 percent of
correct answers.

‘With all the quizzes, section tests, and the final exam you may want to have
your friend or parent give you your score without telling you which questions
you missed. Then you will not be as likely to memorize the answers to the
‘questions you missed, but go back and see if you missed the point of the idea.
When your scores are where you'd like them to be, go back and check the
individual questions to confirm your strengths and areas that need more study.

‘Try going through one chapter a week. An houra day or so will allow you
to take in the information slowly. Don't rush. Chemistry is not dificult, but
‘does take some thought. Just slug through at a steady rate, If you are espe-
cially interested in metals, spend more time on Chapter 12. If you want to
learn the latest about nanotechnology, allow more time on Chapter 18. At a
steady pace, you will complete the course in afew months. Afler completing
the course and you have become a chemist-in-training, this book can serve as
‘a ready reference guide with its comprehensive index, Periodic Table, and
‘many examples of reactions and molecular bonding,

‘Suggestions for future editions are welcome,

Linda D. Williams
DEDICATION

This book is dedicated to the crew of the Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-107),
Commander Rick Husband, Pilot William McCool, and Mission Specialists
Dr. David Brown, Dr. Lauren Clark, Dr. Kalpana Chawla, Michael
Anderson and Tan Ramon for their strength, courage, and
in advancing scientific knowledge for us all. Thank you

Linda D. Willams