Chemically derived graphene: functionalization, properties and applications

407 Pages·2018·34.515 MB·English

by  Zhang, Jintao

Chemically Derived Graphene
Functionalization, Properties and Applications
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Series
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41: Nanofluidics, 2nd Edition
42: Nanotechnologies in Food, 2nd Edition
43: ZnO Nanostructures: Fabrication and Applications
44: Diatom Nanotechnology: Progress and Emerging Applications
45: Nanostructured Materials for Type III Photovoltaics
46: Chemically Derived Graphene: Functionalization, Properties and
Applications
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Chemically Derived Graphene
Functionalization, Properties and
Applications
Edited by
Jintao Zhang
Shandong University, China
Email: [email protected]
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Series No. 46
Print ISBN: 978-1-78801-080-1
PDF ISBN: 978-1-78801-282-9
EPUB ISBN: 978-1-78801-439-7
ISSN: 1757-7136
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Preface
Graphene, a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer of sp2-hybridized carbon
tightly bonded in a hexagonal lattice, is the basic building block for all gra-
phitic carbons. Along the starlight avenue of carbon materials including
zero-dimensional (0D) fullerenes, one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes
(CNTs), and three-dimensional (3D) graphite, two-dimensional graphene
has become an important material for various applications.
As a rising star, the great progress on the functionalization of graphene
into chemically derived graphene-related materials in the last few years,
including the synthesis and understanding of fundamental properties, has
significantly boosted the exploration of promising applications. This book
aims to summarize recent research advances on the design and exploita-
tion of chemically derived graphene (CDG) materials for various potential
applications. Beginning with a brief description of the basic properties of
graphene, particular focus is set on the functionalization of graphene-based
materials as active materials for energy conversion and storage and environ-
mental applications, given the large inherent potential of such materials to
maximize their performance.
In Chapter 1, an overall introduction on CDG, from preparation methods
to properties, is presented. Some challenges with respect to the technol-
ogy, economics, and environment in the graphene industry are also given
to guide its development in the future. Following in Chapter 2 is the intro-
duction of edge-selective functionalization of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs)
using Friedel–Crafts acylation and mechanochemical reactions. The selec-
tive functionalization at the edges allows the tunability of the properties of
GnPs for specific applications, from polymer composites and flame retardants
to energy conversion and storage systems.

Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Series No. 46
Chemically Derived Graphene: Functionalization, Properties and Applications
Edited by Jintao Zhang
© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
vii
viii Preface
With the global energy consumption increasing at an alarming rate, the
development of clean and renewable energy conversion techniques has
become even more critical. Chapter 3 addresses the functionalization of CDG
as electrocatalytic materials for the conversion of chemical energy into elec-
trical energy in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and direct
methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The functionalization of CDG with a photoac-
tive material (e.g., semiconductors) or, less commonly, the self-functionaliza-
tion of CDG is essential for the design of solar specialized graphene-based
materials. Chapter 4 reveals the versatility of functionalization to make fasci-
nating graphene-based materials for solar energy conversion. Furthermore,
the latest developments of graphene-based composites with improved pho-
tocatalytic properties are summarized in Chapter 5. The fundamental roles
of CDG in photoactive applications, with emphasis on the performance
enhancement, are discussed. Future research, perspectives, and challenges
are also outlined in the above chapters.
For electrochemical energy storage, Chapter 6 provides an overview of
the significant progress achieved on CDG-based electrodes for lithium- and
sodium-ion batteries. In addition to the impressive electrochemical perfor-
mance reported, emerging challenges and perspectives on the application
of graphene-based electrodes are also presented in this chapter. Metal (e.g.,
Li, Na, Zn, Al)–air batteries are viewed as promising energy devices. Chapter 7
discusses the application of CDG as electrode materials for these metal–air
batteries, with a special focus on the development of graphene-based elec-
trodes in Li–air batteries. Chapter 8 summarizes the work on CDG-based
materials used as components of lithium–sulfur batteries. To improve the
performance, functionalized graphene materials have been used as addi-
tives in cathode composites, as an interlayer on the separator, and as a pro-
tective coating on the anode. In Chapter 9, recent advances on the design
and fabrication of CDG-based supercapacitor electrodes are addressed,
with emphasis on the functionalization methods and their impact on the
capacitive performance. To satisfy and match wearable electronics, Chapter 10
reviews the recent advances on CDG-based wearable energy conversion and
storage devices, along with an outlook on the future development of this
hot topic.
For clean and sustainable environmental development, Chapter 11 reviews
the recent advances on CDG-based membranes for water purification and
gas separation, accompanied by a discussion on the separation mechanisms
and fabrication methods of such novel membranes. CDG is also an ideal
platform for biosensing applications. In Chapter 12, the functionalization
of CDG for biosensing is summarized. Different surface plasmon resonance
(SPR) biosensing assays based on CDG-based immobilization matrices are
reviewed, with a special emphasis on the deposition of linking layers and
their advantages compared to the existing SPR interfaces. Chapter 13 focuses
on the corrosion protection applications of CDG-based coating layers. The
functionalization methods, properties, and underlying mechanisms of
CDG as anti-corrosion coating materials are summarized, given its good
Preface ix
impermeability and chemical inertness toward oxidizing gases or corrosive
solutions.
This book is clearly multidisciplinary, spanning from the underlying func-
tionalization principles to the cutting edge applications of graphene-based
materials in different research fields. I hope this book will be a reference
book and provide inspiration for graduate students, researchers, and
engineers interested in CDG-based materials and their emerging applications.
I would like to thank the main chapter authors (L. Zhang, Y. Zhang,
J.-B. Baek, D. Geng, X. Meng, Y. Zong, S.-P. Chai, L. Wang, J. Xu, X. Zhang,
R. Dominko, J. Zhang, T. Chen, B. Bai, Y. Stebunov, H. Ma) and their co-workers
who have really made the book attractive and rich in content, and also thanks
to the Managers and Editors of the Royal Society of Chemistry for their gen-
erous help to publish this book. Finally, I dedicate this book to my family,
especially to my wife Mrs Jizhen Ma, for their continuous encouragement
and support.
Jintao Zhang
Shandong University, Jinan, China