Challenges in Mechanics of Time Dependent Materials, Volume 2: Proceedings of the 2017 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics

91 Pages·2018·5.162 MB·English

by  Alex Arzoumanidis, Meredith Silberstein, Alireza Amirkhizi (eds.)

Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series
Alex Arzoumanidis · Meredith Silberstein
Alireza Amirkhizi Editors
Challenges in
Mechanics of Time
Dependent Materials,
Volume 2
Proceedings of the 2017 Annual Conference on
Experimental and Applied Mechanics
Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series
Series Editor
Kristin B. Zimmerman Ph.D.
Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.
Bethel, CT, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8922
Alex Arzoumanidis (cid:129) Meredith Silberstein (cid:129) Alireza Amirkhizi
Editors
Challenges in Mechanics of Time
Dependent Materials, Volume 2
Proceedings of the 2017 Annual Conference on Experimental
and Applied Mechanics
Editors
AlexArzoumanidis MeredithSilberstein
Psylotech,Inc DepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering
Evanston,IL,USA CornellUniversity
Ithaca,NY,USA
AlirezaAmirkhizi
UMassLowellNorthCampus,Perry332
UniversityofMassachusetts
Lowell,MA,USA
ISSN2191-5644 ISSN2191-5652 (electronic)
ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries
ISBN978-3-319-63392-3 ISBN978-3-319-63393-0 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-63393-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015952466
#TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2018
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Preface
ChallengesinMechanicsofTime-DependentMaterialsrepresentsoneofninevolumesoftechnicalpaperspresentedatthe
SEM 2017 Annual Conference and Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics organized by the Society for
Experimental Mechanics and held in Indianapolis, IN, in June 12–15, 2017. The complete proceedings also includes the
following volumes: Dynamic Behavior of Materials; Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics;
Mechanics of Biological Systems, Materials and other topics in Experimental and Applied Mechanics; Micro- and
Nanomechanics;MechanicsofComposite,HybridandMultifunctionalMaterials;Fracture,Fatigue,FailureandDamage
Evolution;ResidualStress,Thermomechanics&InfraredImaging,HybridTechniquesandInverseProblems;andMechan-
icsofAdditiveandAdvancedManufacturing.
Eachcollectionpresentsearlyfindingsfromexperimentalandcomputationalinvestigationsonanimportantareawithin
experimentalmechanics,themechanicsoftime-dependentmaterialsbeingoneoftheseareas.
Thistrackwasorganizedtoaddressconstitutive,time(orrate)-dependentconstitutive,andfracture/failurebehaviorofa
broad range of materials systems, including prominent research in both experimental and applied mechanics. Papers
concentratingonbothmodelingandexperimentalaspectsoftime-dependentmaterialsareincluded.
Thetrackorganizersthankthepresenters,authors,andsessionchairsfortheirparticipationandcontributiontothistrack.
ThesupportandassistancefromtheSEMstaffisalsogreatlyappreciated.
Evanston,IL,USA AlexArzoumanidis
Ithaca,NY,USA MeredithSilberstein
Lowell,MA,USA AlirezaAmirkhizi
v
Contents
1 ExperimentalCharacterisationoftheMechanicalPropertiesoftheClay-Rock/Concrete
InterfacesandTheirEvolutioninTime. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . 1
EleniStavropoulou,MatthieuBriffaut,Fre´de´ricDufour,andGuillaumeCamps
2 CoupledAnisothermalChemomechanicalDegradationSolutionsinOneDimension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
M.Anguiano,H.Gajendran,R.B.Hall,andA.Masud
3 Time-TemperatureAnalysis,DMAandCompressioninPBXs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
DarlaGraffThompson,JamieStull,RacciDeluca,andGeoffBrown
4 StatisticalLifeTimePredictionUnderTensionLoadingforUnidirectionalCFRP
withThermoplasticsasMatrices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
MasayukiNakada,YokoMorisawa,andYasushiMiyano
5 TimeandTemperatureDependenceonTensileStrengthofUnidirectionalCFRP
withVariousCarbonFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
YasushiMiyano,YoshikiKobayashi,andMasayukiNakada
6 TimeTemperatureSuperpositionandPronySeriesCoefficientsofAsphaltRoof
ShingleMaterialfromViscoelasticCreepTesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
SreehariRajan,MichaelA.Sutton,RyanFuerte,andIgorEmri
7 AMixtureTheorywithInteractiveBodyForcesforCompositeInterphases.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 39
R.B.Hall
8 MaterialCreepBehaviorwithPredictionofTertiaryCreepFailure
byaSphericalMicro-indentationMethod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
DumbiC.OtunyoandBruceS.Kang
9 MechanicalandBiodegradableBehaviorofAZ31MagnesiumAlloy
ImmersedinSimulatedBodyFluid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
WenxueLin,NingZou,andQizhenZ.Li
10 FailureofLaserWeldedStructuresSubjectedtoMultiaxialLoading:
ExperimentalDevelopment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
BonnieR.AntounandKevinConnelly
11 CharacterizationandModelingofPEEKinHistorieswithReverseLoading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
WenlongLi,GeorgeGazonas,EricN.Brown,PhilipJ.Rae,andMehrdadNegahban
12 ABiomimeticCompositeforSpaceVehicle/HabitatDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
AshokKumarGhosh,RamonMartinez,andCarlM.Cady
vii
viii Contents
13 MolecularDynamicsMotivatedMaxwellElementSpringNonlinearity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
G.A.Arzoumanidis,T.J.L.Mustard,M.D.Halls,andStephenChristensen
14 CharacterizationandSimulationofTime-DependentResponseofStructural
MaterialsforAeroStructuresandTurbineEngines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
StephanM.Russ,RejiJohn,andCraigP.Przybyla
Chapter 1
Experimental Characterisation of the Mechanical Properties of the
Clay-Rock/Concrete Interfaces and Their Evolution in Time
EleniStavropoulou,MatthieuBriffaut,Fre´de´ricDufour,andGuillaumeCamps
Abstract Thedelayedmechanicalbehaviouroftheclay-rock/concreteinterfaceundershearstresshasbeenexperimentally
investigated. After a first characterisation of the short-term response of the interface with direct shear tests, long duration
sheartestsunderconstantnormalloadhavebeenperformedwithanewexperimentalapparatuswhichwasdevelopedforthis
study.Theresponseoftheinterfaceintimeisdiscussed.
Keywords Interface•Creep•Sheartest•Clay-rock•Concrete
1.1 Introduction
In the context of the underground nuclear waste disposal projects in deep argillaceous geological formations in several
countries, Underground Research Laboratories (URL’s) have been developed in order to demonstrate the underground
isolation. The French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (ANDRA) is studying the behaviour of a deep
geological radioactive repository in Callovo Oxfordian clay-rock (known as COx) in Bure, France. Such projects require
predictionofirreversibledeformationsoveralargetimescale,inordertoassesthedurabilityoftheconfinement.
Thesealingoftheundergroundrepositorytunnel,ispartlyensuredbyamechanicalbarriermadeofconcrete,directlyin
contactwiththerock.Thus,thedelayedmechanicalbehaviouroftheclay-rock/concreteinterfaceisofalargeinterest.The
amplitudeofdelayedstrainsdependsonthematerialandtestconditions.Thestateofstressdeterminesthemodeoffailureof
thesampleandthebrittle-ductiletransition[2].Gonze[3]showedthatforhigherdeviatoricstresses,thestrainrateincreases.
ZhangandRothfuchs[8]showedthatclay-rockcreepsalreadyunderverylowstressof2MPa,indicatingthatalowercreep
limitseemsnottoexistforthisclay-rock.Concerningthedelayedbehaviourofconcrete,manystudieshaveshownthatthe
obtainedcreepdeformationdoesn’tincreaseproportionallywiththeincreaseoftheappliedloadinglevels[6,7].Ponsand
Torrenti[5]showedthatforappliedchargelowerthan50%ofthecompressivestrengthofconcrete,thedelayedstrainrate
decreaseswithtime.
Althoughthephysicalpropertiesofmostofthematerialsinvolved(rock,concreteandbentonitemixtures)areextendedly
studied,therehavebeenfewstudiesonthebehaviourofthecontactinterfacesbetweenthesematerials.Thescientificgoalof
thisworkinvolvestheunderstandingofthecreepmechanismoftheinterfaceoftwomaterialsandmorespecificallywhether
the interface itself highlights its own creep mechanism, independently of the creep of both materials in contact. An
experimental campaign on the mechanical characterisation of the interface of the underground concrete gallery with the
hostrockintimehasbeendevelopedandwillbepresented.
E.Stavropoulou(*)
UniversityofGrenobleAlpes,CNRS,GrenobleINP(InstituteofEngineeringUniversityofGrenobleAlpes,Grenoble,France),
3SR,F-38000,Grenoble,France
AgenceNationalepourlagestiondesDe´chetsRadioactifs(ANDRA),92290Chaˆtenay-Malabry,France
e-mail:[email protected]
M.Briffaut(*)•F.Dufour
UniversityofGrenobleAlpes,CNRS,GrenobleINP(InstituteofEngineeringUniversityofGrenobleAlpes,Grenoble,France),
3SR,F-38000,Grenoble,France
G.Camps
AgenceNationalepourlagestiondesDe´chetsRadioactifs(ANDRA),92290Chaˆtenay-Malabry,France
#TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2018 1
A.Arzoumanidisetal.(eds.),ChallengesinMechanicsofTimeDependentMaterials,Volume2,
ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-63393-0_1
2 E.Stavropoulouetal.
1.2 Experimental Campaign
Theinvestigationofthemechanicalbehaviouroftheclay-rock/concreteinterfaceintime,requiredastudyoftheshort-term
response, performing shear tests with the BCR3D apparatus (a 3D shear box for rocks, [4]). This device allows shearing
underconstantnormalstressorconstantnormalvolumewiththeapplicationofsymmetricalandoppositedisplacementon
thejoint’sactivepart.SamplesofCOx(78mmØ)havebeenmouldedinshearboxeswiththestudiedconcrete,asshownin
Fig. 1.1. Short-term shear tests under constant normal volume (with applied normal stress up to 12 MPa) have been
performed,inordertocharacterisetheelastoplasticbehaviourofthejoints.TheresultshavebeenanalysedusingtheMohr-
Coulombfailurecriterion,allowingtheevaluationoftheresistanceoftheinterfaceinshearing.
The characterisation of the mechanical behaviour of the interface in time, required the design of a new experimental
device. For the purpose of this work, SInC Box (Shear-Interfaces-Creep Box) has been developed, a sophisticated device
whichallowsthestudyofaninterfaceinshearingunderlongdurationload.SInCBoxisbasedontheexistingcreepdevices
intractionforintactsamples[1]andintroducesasecondloadingaxis,orthogonaltotheexistingone.Itisdesignedinaway,
so that the normal force is centered in the mean plane of the interface and the applied shear force passes the axis of the
interface(Fig.1.1(1and2)).Theapplicationofanormalandashearload,isfollowedbythemeasurementoftherelative
shearing displacement (Fig. 1.1c), as well as dilatancy/contraction, allowing the demonstration of the failure mode of the
interface.
1.3 Test Results
Severaltestshavetakenplaceonsamplesofclay-rock/concreteinterface,intemperaturecontrolledenvironment(20(cid:1)C)and
underdifferentconstantnormalstress.Theresultsofthreetestsarepresented.Theapplicationofthenormalloadisfollowed
bytheapplicationofashearload.Test1wasperformedundernormalstressσn¼6MPaandshearstressτ¼2.7MPawhich
wemaintainedconstantthroughouttheentiretest.InTest2,underσn¼8MPa,aninitialshearstressofτ¼1.3MPawas
followed by an increase to 2.5 MPa. Finally, Test 3 was performed under normals stress σn ¼ 10 MPa and shear stress
τ¼3.8MPa.
Fortheanalysisoftheresultsofalong-durationtest,theinstantaneouselastoplasticresponseoftheinterfaceistakeninto
account.Figure1.2ashowstheratioτ/τmaxforeachtest,whereτmaxisthecalculatedinstantaneousshearresistanceforthe
Fig.1.1 Left:Sampleillustration;(a)3Dconceptofthetwohalfshearboxes,(b)Verticalcutillustrationtheinterfaceofthetwogeomaterials,(c)
Illustrationoftheappliedforces(Fnnormalforce,Ftshearforce,tothemeanplaneoftheinterface)andtherelativesheardisplacement(dut)ofthe
twohalfshearboxes.Right:SInCBoxzoomedin,illustratingthepositionofthesampleandtheapplicationofthetwoorthogonalloads;(1)normal
forcetransducer,(2)shearforcetransducer,(3)samplemouldedinthetwohalf-shearboxes(rotatedby90(cid:1))
1 ExperimentalCharacterisationoftheMechanicalPropertiesoftheClay-Rock/ConcreteInterfacesandTheir... 3
(*103 )
1.2 12
10 83%
1
a)
P
M 8
0.8 m/
m/
µ 6
0.6 e ( 74%
c 83%
an 4
σ pli σ
0.4 σ m σ
σ co 2 54% σ
29%
0.2 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
time (h) time (h)
Fig.1.2 (a)Evolutionoftheratioofappliedshearstressovershearstrength,(b)complianceoftheshearresponse
givennormalstress.TheevolutionofthemeasuredcomplianceinshearingispresentedinFig.1.2b,wherethecomplianceis
calculatedasthedelayedshearstrainovertheappliedshearstress(εxy/τ).
Observing the initial evolution of the compliance between the three tests (t ¼ 0 ! t ¼ 100 h), one can notice that the
measured compliance increases faster for higher shear strength levels. Although this observation is not obvious for Tests
1 and 3, given the similar levels of applied shear stress (83% and 74%), it is more clear for Test 2. Indeed for a low τ/
τmax¼29%,thecomplianceisverylowandgetsquicklystabilised.Anincreasefrom29%to54%leadstoanincreaseof
the rate of compliance, being though lower than the rates of Tests 1 and 3. In all three tests the measured product εxy/τ
increasesnonlinearlyintime,withadecreasingrate.Thisresponseindicatestheexistenceofdelayeddeformationswithin
theprimaryphase.
1.4 Conclusions/Perspectives
ThedelayedbehaviourinshearingoftheCOx/concreteinterfaceshasbeenexperimentallyinvestigated.Thedevelopmentof
anewapparatus(SInCBox)allowedmeasurementofthedeformationoftheinterfaceintime,inbothnormalandtangential
direction.Fortheappliedstresspathsandthegivendurationofthetests,onlyprimarycreepwasobserved.
Thestudyofcreepininterfacesiscomplex,asitinvolvestheevolutionintimeoftwodifferentmaterials.Theobtained
delayed response can be the result of the delayed response of each material or of the interface itself independently. The
resultsoflongerdurationtestsaregoingtobediscussed.
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