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Challenges in Criminal Justice Thiscollectionexaminescontemporarychallengestothecriminaljusticesystemin England and Wales. Thechapters,writtenbyestablishedacademics,risingstarsandpractisinglawyers, seeknotonlytohighlightthesechallengesbuttooffersolutions.Thebookexamines issues with legal assistance in the police station, concerns relating to juror decision makingandproblemsinandpresentedbybothvirtualhearingsandtheadventofthe Single Justice Procedure Notice. The work also examines challenges surrounding vulnerabilityinthecriminaljusticesystem.Here,diversityincludesvulnerabilityinthe criminal trial,neurodivergenceas wellasissueswith diversity and marginalisation in the criminal justice system as a whole. The book also discusses matters centred around sexual offending – including the attrition rate in rape cases as well as the recentdevelopmentof‘vigilante’paedophilehuntersandtheiracceptanceasaviable limb of the criminal justice system.Finally, the volume looks at the post-conviction stageandexaminesrecentprisonpolicythroughthelensofthehumanrightsofthe prisoner. The closing chapter examines the independence of the Criminal Cases ReviewCommissionandhighlightshowrecentchangeshaveunderminedthis. While focused on England and Wales, the topics discussed are of wider international significance and will be of interest to students, academics and policy-makers. Ed Johnston is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the University of Northampton, UK. His research interests are in the areas of disclosure, the role of the defence lawyer and rise of managerialism in an adversarial setting. Ed has recently published his monograph, The Role of the Defense Lawyer: Perceptions and Conceptions within a Changing System. He is the co-author of the Criminal Procedure and Punishment textbook and has published a number of articles concerning changes to the criminal justice process. Routledge Contemporary Issues in Criminal Justice and Procedure SeriesEditorEdJohnstonisaSeniorLecturerinLaw,UniversityofNorthampton The Law of Disclosure A Perennial Problem in Criminal Justice Edited by Ed Johnston and Tom Smith Challenges in Criminal Justice Edited by Ed Johnston Probation, Mental Health and Criminal Justice Towards Equivalence Edited by Charlie Brooker and Coral Sirdifield See more at https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Research-in-Legal-History/ book-series/CONTEMPCJP Challenges in Criminal Justice Edited by Ed Johnston Firstpublished2023 byRoutledge 4ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 605ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10158 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2023selectionandeditorialmatter,EdJohnston;individualchapters,the contributors TherightofEdJohnstontobeidentifiedastheauthoroftheeditorialmaterial, andoftheauthorsfortheirindividualchapters,hasbeenassertedinaccordance withsections77and78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinany informationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthe publishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregistered trademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintent toinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Johnston,Ed,editor. Title:Challengesincriminaljustice/editedbyEdJohnston. Description:Abingdon,Oxon;NewYork,NY:Routledge,2023.| Series:Routledgecontemporaryissuesincriminaljusticeandprocedure| Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.|Summaryprovidedbypublisher. Identifiers:LCCN2022004347|ISBN9780367698041(hardback)| ISBN9780367698072(paperback)|ISBN9781003143321(ebook) Subjects:LCSH:Criminaljustice,Administrationof--England. Classification:LCCKD7876.C4292023|DDC345.42/05--dc23/eng/ 20220526 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022004347 ISBN:978-0-367-69804-1(hbk) ISBN:978-0-367-69807-2(pbk) ISBN:978-1-003-14332-1(ebk) DOI:10.4324/9781003143321 TypesetinGalliard byTaylor&FrancisBooks Contents List of illustrations vii Acknowledgements viii List of contributors ix Table of cases xiv Table of legislation xvi 1 Introduction 1 EDJOHNSTON 2 Legal assistance at the police station: Shifts and contradictions in the context of Covid-19 6 EDJOHNSTONANDEDCAPE 3 Jury decision making in the criminal trial 26 REBECCAK.HELMANDMADELEINEMILLAR 4 The jury on trial: Guilty or not guilty? Investigating jury trial issues through a comparative approach 47 CRISTINAD’ANIELLO 5 Contemporary issues in criminal court procedure 65 JENNIWARD 6 Vulnerability in the criminal trial 83 SAMANTHAFAIRCLOUGH 7 Caught in the net: Police powers of investigation and the risks for autistic individuals 100 TOMSMITH 8 Diversity in the criminal justice system 121 JAMESPICKLES vi Contents 9 Listening to ‘Leading Voices’: Using expert insight to identify challenges to, and suggestions for the improvement of, rape investigation and prosecution in England and Wales 141 BENJAMINA.HINE,ANTHONYD.MURPHY,EMMAWILLIAMSAND BIMSARAKENNATHWIDANARALALAGEDON 10 Paedophile hunters and the road to injustice 164 KARENWALTONANDREBECCAPENFOLD 11 Prisoners’ human rights in England & Wales: Zigzags, flatlines and missed opportunities 180 ANASTASIAKARAMALIDOU 12 ‘Regulated from a spirit of hostility’: Independence and the Criminal Cases Review Commission 197 JONROBINS Bibliography 214 Index 242 Illustrations Figures 8.1 Proportion of female police officers. 125 8.2 Stop and search rate per 1000 people, by ethnicity. 133 8.3 The proportion of adults throughout the criminal justice system in each ethnic group, 2018. 134 Tables 3.1 Demonstrated biases in jury decision making 39 5.1 Defendants proceeded against – England and Wales 68 5.2 Age profile of serving magistrates end of April 2020 73 Acknowledgements I would like to express my thanks to the authors for their patience, dedication to the project and excellent contributions to this volume. I think this makes for a really interesting collection. I would also like to thank my editor, Alison Kirk, for her support. Finally, I would like to thank my family, Wolfy, Erin and Jacob for their support along the way. Thank you Contributors Prof.EdCapeisaninternationallyknownresearcherinthefieldofcriminaljustice, andisalsotheauthorofarangeofpractitionertexts.Hisrecentresearchprojects includetwoexaminingeffectivecriminaldefenceinarangeofEuropeancountries, andathirdoneffectivecriminaldefenceinLatinAmerica.In2014hepublished theresultsofanempiricalstudyoftherightsofsuspectsinpolicecustodyinfour Europeanjurisdictions,andrecentlypublishedastudyofpre-trialdetentiondeci- sion-makinginEnglandandWales.EdwroteImprovingPretrialJustice:TheRoles ofLawyersandParalegalsfortheOpenSocietyFoundations,andahandbookon earlyaccesstolegalaidfortheUNOfficeonDrugsandCrime.Publicationsfor legalpractitionersincludeDefendingSuspectsatPoliceStations,whichiscurrently inits6thedition,andEdcontributestoBlackstone'sCriminalPracticeandwrites casecommentariesforCriminalLawReview. Dr. Ed Johnston is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the University of Northampton. Ed’s research interests are in the areas of disclosure, the role of the defence lawyer and rise of managerialism in an adversarial setting. Ed has recently published his monograph, The Role of the Defense Lawyer: Perceptions and Concep- tionswithinaChangingSystem.Heistheco-authoroftheCriminalProcedure and Punishment textbook and has published a number of articles concerning changes to the criminal justice process. Dr. Rebecca Helm is a Senior Lecturer and Director of the Evidence-Based Jus- tice Lab at the University of Exeter. She is a current UKRI Future Leaders Fellow, and is an expert in the field of psychology and law and using quantita- tive methodology to examine the legal system. Her research examines how legal procedures work in practice, and how changing aspects of procedure can enhance the ability of the justice system to achieve normative goals. This research includes examining how juries function when making legal decisions, how the legal system assesses (and should assess) the reliability of testimony, and when and why people choose to ‘admit’ guilt. Her work has been funded by UK Research and Innovation, the Economic and Social Research Council, and the American Psychology and Law Society, and has been published in leading journals in both law and psychology. Dr. Helm is also a qualified soli- citorinEnglandandWalesandattorneyinNewYork,USA.Sheisenthusiastic