cern accelerator school synchrotron radiation and free electron lasers

398 Pages·2004·8.4 MB·English

CERN 98-04
3 August 1998
KSOO2373432
R: KS
DE011946929
ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLEAIRE
C E RN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH
CERN ACCELERATOR SCHOOL
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION AND FREE ELECTRON
LASERS
President Hotel, Grenoble, France
22-27 April 1996
PROCEEDINGS
Editor: S. Turner
GENEVA
1998
CERN-Service d'information scientifique-RD/982-150O-August 1998
© Copyright CERN, Genève, 1997
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ISSN 0007-8328
ISBN 92-9083-118-9
Ill
*DE011946929*
XC98F«173~
ABSTRACT
These proceedings present the lectures given at the tenth specialised course organised by
the CERN Accelerator School (CAS), the topic this time being 'Synchrotron Radiation and
Free-electron Lasers'. A similar course was already given at Chester, UK in 1989 and whose
proceedings were published as CERN 90-03. However, recent progress in this field has been
so rapid that it became urgent to present a revised version of the course. Starting with a review
of the characteristics of synchrotron radiation there follows introductory lectures on electron
dynamics in storage rings, beam insertion devices, and beam current and radiation brightness
limits. These themes are then developed with more detailed lectures on lattices and emittance,
wigglers and undulators, current limitations, beam lifetime and quality, diagnostics and beam
stability. Finally lectures are presented on linac and storage ring free-electron lasers.
CERN RCCELERRTOR SCHOOL
EUROPERN SVNCHROTRON RRDIRTION FRCILITV
will Jointly organise a course on
SVNCHROTRON RRDIHTION
& FREE-ELECTRON LRSERS
22-27 flpril 1996
President Hotel, Grenoble, France
PROGRAMME OF THE COURSE
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION AND FREE-ELECTRON LASERS
Hotel President, Grenoble, 22-27 April, 1996
Time Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
22 April 23 April 24 April 25 April 26 April 27 April
09.00 Opening Talk Lattices and Lattices and Lattices and Linac FELs Linac FELs
A user's view emittance emittance emittance I II
of synchrotron I II III
radiation
10.00 Y. Petroff A. Ropert A. Ropert A. Ropert M. Poole M. Poole
COFFEE
10.20 Introduction to Wigglers and Wigglers and Lifetime and Storage ring Storage ring
physics of undulators undulators beam quality FELs FELs
synchrotron I II II I II
radiation
11.20 A. Hofmann R. Walker R. Walker C. Bocchetta R. Bakker R. Bakker
M I D-MORNING BREAK
11.30 Introduction to Current Current Wigglers and Beam stability Seminar
dynamics of limitations limitations undulators Industrial and
electrons in I II III medical
rings applications
12.30 L. Rivkin S. Myers S. Myers R. Walker L. Farvacque I. Munro
LUNCH
14.00 Introduction to Tutorial VISIT Tutorial Tutorial
insertion TO THE
devices ESRF
15.00 K. Wille
BREAK BREAK
15.10 Introduction to Lifetime and Lifetime and Poster
current and beam quality beam quality session
brightness I III
limits
16.10 V. Suller C. Bocchetta C. Bocchetta
TEA TEA
16.30 Seminar Diagnostics Diagnostics HS e m i n a r
Scientific I II Practical
applications aspects of
beam stability
17.30 D. Hauserman A. Hofmann A. Hofmann P. Quinn
WELCOME
COCKTAIL
EVENING MEAL DINNER EVENING BANQUET
at the Chateau MEAL
de Sassenages
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FOREWORD
The aim of the CERN Accelerator School to collect, preserve and disseminate the
knowledge accumulated in the world's accelerator laboratories applies not only to accelerators
and storage rings, but also to the related sub-systems, equipment and technologies. This wider
aim is being achieved by means of the specialised courses listed in the Table below. The latest
of these was on the topic of Synchrotron Radiation and Free-electron Lasers and was held at the
President Hotel, Grenoble, France, 22-27 April 1996, its proceedings forming the present
volume.
Synchrotron radiation has become one of the most valuable and useful scientific tools
with ever increasing applications for basic and applied research especially in the biotechnology,
chemical, material and pharmaceutical fields. This can be seen by the recent rapid increase in
the number of sources widely distributed around the world and in the intensity of the radiation
they produce. While initially synchrotron radiation was a by-product of high-energy
accelerators, the recent so-called third generation sources are specifically designed to produce
very intense photon beams by using low-emittance storage rings with high beam currents
together with insertion devices.
With such enormous progress in the design of sources and in their range of applications,
there was an urgent need to present an updated version of the course first presented in 1989.
Not forgetting the basic theory of synchrotron radiation and electron synchrotrons,
introductions are given to insertion devices and to the limitations to beam currents and radiation
brightness. These topics are then developed before turning to linac and storage-ring free-
electron lasers.
This course was only made possible by the generous support of several laboratories and
many individuals. In particular, the help and encouragement of the ESRF management and
staff, especially J.-L. Laclare, A. Ropert and T. Bouvet, was most invaluable. As always, the
support of the CERN management, the guidance of the CAS Advisory and Programme
Committees, and the attention to detail of the Local Organising Committee and the management
and staff of the President Hotel ensured that the course was held under optimum conditions.
Very special thanks must go to the lecturers at this course for the enormous task of preparing,
presenting and writing up their topics. Finally, the enthusiasm of the participants, coming from
so many parts of the world, was a convincing proof of the usefulness and success of this
course.
S. Turner, Editor
Vlll
LIST OF SPECIALISED CAS COURSES AND THEIR PROCEEDINGS
Year Course Proceedings
1983 Antiprotons for colliding beam facilities CERN 84-15 (1984)
1986 Applied Geodesy for particle accelerators CERN 87-01 (1987) also
Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 12,
(Springer Verlag, 1987)
1988 Superconductivity in particle accelerators CERN 89-04 (1989)
1989 Synchrotron radiation and free-electron lasers CERN 90-03 (1990)
1990 Power converters for particle accelerators CERN 90-07 (1990)
1991 RF engineering for particle accelerators CERN 92-03 (1992)
1992 Magnetic measurement and alignment CERN 92-05 (1992)
1993 RF engineering for particle accelerators
(repeat of the 1991 course)
1994 Cyclotrons, linacs and their applications CERN 96-02 (1996)
1995 Superconductivity in particle accelerators CERN 96-03 (1996)
1996 Synchrotron radiation and free-electron lasers Present volume
IX
CONTENTS
Page no.
Foreword
Y. Petroff
A user's view of synchrotron radiation
Contribution not received
A. Hofmann
Characteristics of synchrotron radiation 1
Qualitative treatment of synchrotron radiation 1
Potentials and fields of a moving charge 5
Radiation from a charge moving on a circular orbit 15
Undulator radiation 30
L. Rivkin
Introduction to dynamics of electrons in rings
in the presence of radiation 45
Introduction 45
Radiation effects in electron storage rings 45
Synchrotron oscillations 47
Damping of betatron oscillations 52
Adjustment of damping rates 54
Quantum fluctuations - equilibrium beam sizes 55
K. Wille
Introduction to insertion devices 61
Introduction 61
Wiggler and undulator field 63
Equation of motion in W/U-magnets 67
Undulator radiation 71
V. Sutler
Introduction to current and brightness limits 77
Introduction 77
Beam current measurement and typical values 77
Fourier components of the beam current 79
Fields of relativistic electrons 80
Effects due to the vacuum chamber walls 83
Brightness of a synchrotron radiation source 85
Brightness limitations 89
A. Ropert
Lattices and emittances 91
From high brilliance to low emittance 91
Low-emittance lattices 93
Lattice types 96
Problems associated with low-emittance lattices 105
Effects of insertion devices on the beam 113
Conclusions 126