Ceramics for High-Performance Applications III: Reliability

808 Pages·1983·28.729 MB·English

by  Dr. Edward Mark Lenoe (auth.), Edward M. Lenoe, R. Nathan Katz, John J. Burke (eds.)

Ceramics for
High-Performance
Applications
111
RELIABILITY
ARMY MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE SERIES
Volume 6 Ceramics for High-Performance Applications-III: Reliability
Edited by Edward M. Lenoe, R. Nathan Katz, and John J. Burke
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of
each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For
furt her information please contact the publisher. Volumes I to 5 of this se ries were published by
Brook Hili Publishing Company, Chestnut Hili, Massachusetts, and are available from the Metal
and Ceramics Information Center at Batelle Columbus Laboratories.
published in cooperation with the Metals and Cerarnics Information Center at Battelle Columbus Laboratories
(A Department of Defense Information Analysis Center)
Ceramies for
High-Performance
Applications
111
RELIABILITY
Edited by
EDWA RD M. LENOE
R. NATHAN KATZ
AND
JOHN J. BURKE
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
Watertown, Massachusetts
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Army Materials Technology Conference (6th: 1979: Orcas Island, Wash.)
Ceramics for high-performance applications, III.
(Army Materials Technology Conference series; v. 6)
"Published in cooperation with the Metals and Ceramics Information Center at Bat
teile Columbus Laboratories."
Includes bibliographical references and index.
I. Ceramic materials-Congresses. 2. Heat-engines-Materials-Congresses. I.
Lenoe, Edward M. 11. Katz, R. Nathan. III. Burke, John J. IV. Metals and Ceramics
Information Center (V.S.) V. Title. VI.
TA455.C43A75 1979 666 82-13234
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3967-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3965-6
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3965-6
Proceedings of the Sixth Army Materials Technology Conference,
held July 10-13, 1979, at Orcas !sland, Washington, cosponsored by the
Vnited States Department of Energy Office of Transportation Programs
© 1983 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1983
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
The V.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license in and to the copyright
covering those chapters written by V.S. Government employees as part of their official
duties. The chapters are those beginning on pages 3, 21, 187,
217,335,427,503,667, and 753.
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Army Materials Technology Conference Committee
Co-Chairmen
J. 1. BURKE J. MUELLER
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center Vniversity of Washington
Executive Committee
A. E. GORUM E. S. WRIGHT
Vniversity of Washington Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
International Advisory Board
W. BUNK K.INAMORI
Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt für Kyoto Ceramics Company, LId.
Luft-und Raumfahrt E. V. S. KRONOGARD
D. J. GODFREY Vnited Turbine AB
Admiralty Materials Technology Est.
Program Directors
R.N.KATZ E.M.LENOE
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
Program Committee
R.ASHBROOK H.GRAHAM
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Air Force Materials Laboratory
C. F. BERSCH W. McGOVERN
Naval Air Systems Command V.S. Army Mobility Equipment
C. BLANKENSHIP Research and Development Command
National Aeronautics and Space Administration A. F. McLEAN
M. BÖHMER Ford Motor Company
Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt für D. R. MESSIER
Luft- und Raumfahrt E. V. Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
S.BORTZ R. RICE
/flinois Institute of Technology Naval Research Laboratory
Research Institute R. SCHULZ
W. BRYZIK Department of Energy
V. S. Army Tank-Automotive W. SIMMONS
Research and Development Command Air Force Office of Seientific Research
A. DINESS R. SPRIGGS
Office of Naval Research National Materials Advisory Board
W. DUCKWORTH N.TALLAN
Battelle Columbus Laboratories Air Force Materials Laboratory
J. GANGLER G. THUR
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Department of Energy
G.E.GAZZA E. C. VanREUTH
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Program Coordinator
J. A. BERNIER
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
Conference Coordinator:
J. M. AYOUB
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
DEDICATION
This volume is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Alvin E. Gorumi
colleague, mentor, and friend. AI Gorum was a unique phenomenon in
the world of materials science and technology. His personal gifts for
research, teaching, management and organizational leadership enabled
hirn to play key roles in many of the major materials advances of the
past three decades. Characteristically, AI was a strong advocate of
the application of ceramics to heat engine technology -- as early as
the 196015. Indeed, one of his first actions upon becoming Director
of AMMRC in 1970 was to suggest that we initiate research on silicon
nitride for turbine applications. Thereafter, he played a major role
in the initiation of the DARPA Brittle Materials Program, and later as
the programls technical monitor he had the key role in its success.
Throughout his career, Dr. Gorum provided inspirational and astute
leadership in his many enterprises. Subsequent to retiring from AMMRC,
he was instrumental in developing a unique interdisciplinary educational
program in structural ceramic technology at the University of Washington .
With AllS premature death, the high performance ceramics community,
worldwide, has lost a dedicated advocatei and those of us privileged
to have worked closely with hirn have lost a friend.
The Editors
vii
FOREWORD
The Sixth Army Materials Technology Conference, IICeramics
for High Performance Applications-II I-Reliabilityll , was co-sponsored
by the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center and the U. S.
Department of Energy, Office of Transportation Programs . The
program highlighted all issues relevant to the reliability of ceramics
in advanced systems. The conference emphasized programmatic
reviews of the major efforts on ceramic gas turbine technology, on
an international basis. The conference showed how ceramic design,
materials development, materials processing, NDE, and component
systems testing are being integrated and iterated in specific engine
development programs . Further , the conference promoted inter
change among the various technical disciplines working in the
advanced turbine and heat engine areas.
This volume will join its earlier companions, Ceramics for High
Performance A lications (1974), and Ceramics for High Performance
Applications-II 1 7 ,in chronicling the rapid progress being made
in the applicaton of ceramics to the very demanding service environ
ment of gas turbine and piston engines. At the last meeting of this
series at Newport, R t, in March 1977, successful high temperature
tests of ceramic components in test rigs were described. Only two
and one half years later we were shown films of a partially ceramic
configured gas turbine engine powering a truck on the highway and
enduring the rigors of a test track; given areport of a small gas
turbine with an all ceramic nozzle producing electric power; told of
a successful diesel piston cap demonstration; and even told of
ceramic components in racing car engines. Yet, these are alt one
of a kind demonstrations. Now that we know ceramics will work,
the question focuses on the issues related to assuring reliabifity
of ceramic materials and components in operating systems; thus,
the focus of this volume -- Reliability. It is also gratifying to see
the greatly expanded international involvement in developing this
technology, potentially so important to our energy and materials
scarce world.
We wish to thank alt of the participants at the Conference for
contributing to this important event. The editors wish to thank
ix
x FOREWORD
the authors and members of the various committees for the privilege
of having worked with them in producing what we believe will be
an important volume in the area of high performance ceramic
technology.
Special acknowledgement is due to Dr. D. R. Messier and
Miss M. M. Murphy of the Army Materials and Mechanics Research
Center for their efforts in updating the Annotated Bibliography
1
on Si3N4, which was distributed at the conference. The dedicated
assist:ance of Mrs. J. Ayoub of the Army Materials and Mechanics
Research Center throughout the stages of conference planning and
final publication of this book is deeply appreciated. We are especially
appreciative af the participation of aur colleagues at the University of
Washington and their students for conducting the Workshop Session.
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center The Editors
Watertown, Massachusetts 02172
CONTENTS
KEYNOTE ADDRESS
Recent Accomplishments and Research Needs in Structural
Ceramics . . .. ..... . . . . 3
Dr. E. M. Lenoe, Army Materials and Mechanics Research
Center
SESSION I
HE AT ENGINE APPLICATIONS
Chairman: Dr. A. E. Gorum, University of Washington
Vice Chairman: Dr. R. Taggart, University of Washington
Overview of U.S. Department of Energy Ceramic Gas Turbine
Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... . .21
R. B. Schulz
Overview of the German Ceramic Gas Turbine Pro gram •..... 29
W. Bunk, E. Gugel, and P. Walzer
Ceramic Engine Research and Development in Sweden . . . . ... 51
S. O. Kronogard, and L. Malmrup
Research on the Use of Ceramics in Diesels ... " ....... 81
D. J. Godfrey, D. A. Parker, M. L. P. Rhodes, and
R. F. Smart
SESSION I (Continued)
HEAT ENGINE APPLICATIONS
Chairman: Dr. W. Bunk
Deutsche Forschungs-und Versuchsanstalt für Luft-und Raumfahrt E.V.
Vice Chairman: Dr. W. Scott, University of Washington
Ceramies Potential in Automotive Powerplants. . 103
A. F. McLean
xi