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No 1-2 // 2007 Contents 3 Institutional Impetus Project Parade 4 Shaken Order (cid:150) Authority and Social Trust in Post-Communist Societies moder ves c e S... 6 ... and our interview with Prof. Dr Dieter Grimm ti n E nisation ra e G I 8 NPreowje Fcte lilno wPsrogress m n arf sil O L O a o N tre s H 12 Regimes of Historicity and Discourses ns e C of Modernity and Identity, 1900-45, ai n . E in East-Central, Southeast and Northern Europe m o (cid:133)T. us Z s Workshops & Conferences rs es ve gr a clockwork o 13 oInnte Rrnegaitmioensa lo Wf Hoirsktsohroicpit y .. pr dy h (cid:133)c. alled (cid:133).. 14 SCOPES Project Conference, val?.. al boealt the long Balkan University of Fribourg vi on h Re ti nineteenth century a Discussion Series e n ne and 16 A New Start: Natural Sciences th ie g and Social Worlds y h 20 Pluralist Rediscoveries of the Nature Landscape CAS Guest Lecture Series: 23 Prof. Dr Marta Petrusewicz 24 Dr Franziska Metzger 25 Prof. Dr Dieter Grimm 27 Prof. Dr Sujata Patel 29 CAS (cid:145)Academic Dialogues(cid:146) Series: Studies of the Scientific and Technological Developments in Post-Socialist Bulgaria Document Drawer 30 CAS in Support of the Right The Balkan EUROPE Express of Freedom of Research 32 CAS Calendar Centre for Advanced Study So(cid:222) a No 1-2 // 2007 Members of the CAS Academic Advisory Council Centre for Advanced Study So(cid:222) a ! Prof. Urs Altermatt History and Political Science, 70 Neofit Rilski Str, Fribourg University, Switzerland Sofia 1000, Bulgaria tel.: (+359 2) 980 37 04 ! Prof. Michael Herzfeld fax: (+359 2) 980 36 62 web-page: www.cas.bg Anthropology, Harvard University, USA e-mail: [email protected] ! Prof. Kolyo Koev Sociology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences ! Prof. Claus Offe Sociology, Humboldt-Universit(cid:228)t zu Berlin/Hertie School of Governance, Germany ! Prof. Hristo Todorov Philosophy, New Bulgarian University, Bulgaria ! Prof. Maria Todorova History, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Donors and Partners ! ! Zuger Kulturstiftung Landis & Gyr, Zug, Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Germany Switzerland ! ! Collegium Budapest, Hungary Volkswagen Foundation, Germany ! ! Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study Federal Department of Home Affairs, in the Humanities and Social Sciences /NIAS/ Swiss Confederation ! ! New Europe College, Romania The Ministry of Education ! and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria Fribourg University, Switzerland ! ! The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Center for Liberal Strategies, Bulgaria Foundation, Sweden ! ! Central European University, Hungary Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, USA ! ! Institut fran(cid:231)ais, Sofia, Bulgaria Stifterverband f(cid:252)r die Deutsche ! Wissenschaft, Germany Fondation Maison des sciences de l(cid:146)homme, ! Paris, France Rule-of-Law Program CAS has working agreements South East Europe Konrad Adenauer Foundation for collaboration with: ! ! Trust for Civil Society in Central The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and Eastern Europe ! ! The Ministry of Education and Science Fritz Thyssen Foundation, Germany of the Republic of Bulgaria 2 Centre for Advanced Study Sofia INSTITUTIONAL IMPETUS Members of the CAS Board of Trust ees: ! Prof. Dieter Grimm, Rector of the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin (Chairman) ! Dr Wouter Hugenholtz, Executive Director of the Nethe rl ands Institute for Advanced Study ! Dr. Charles Kleiber, State Secretary for Education and The year 2007 proved thriving and productive, Research of the Federal Department but also a transformative one for CAS in many of Home Affairs, Swiss Confederation respects. Behind the seeming (cid:145)respite(cid:146), invisible work was ! Prof. Andrei Pleşu, being carried out in several areas, marking the Rector of the New Europe College, Centre(cid:146)s transition from an initial phase of insti- Bucharest tution-building and project designing to a new ! Prof. Alexander Shurbanov, stage of sustained development and renewal. Three were the major areas of (cid:145)preparatory Sofia University (cid:145)St. Kliment Ohridski(cid:146) work(cid:146): securing institutional sustainability for the ! Dr Heinz-Rudi Spiegel, coming five to ten years, broadening the current Stifterverband f(cid:252)r die deutsche disciplinary and thematic fields of project work Wissenschft at CAS, and attracting new academic associates to the Centre(cid:146)s activities. ! Prof. Naum Yakimoff, In institutional terms: the Swiss government gen- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences erously more than doubled its support for CAS for ! Mr Martin Zaimov, the next four years. We are no less appreciative Societe Generale Expressbank of the financial support which the government of the Republic of Austria decided to kindly lend to CAS for the coming three years. Director and Meanwhile, a number of CAS projects and Academic Associates fellowship programmes were led to successful completion. Our attention was concentrated, above all, on disseminating their results and ! Assoc. Prof. Dr Diana Mishkova, developing new ideas in novel research fields. Director New topics were contemplated and new project proposals were developed and submitted for ! Dr Roumen Avramov, approval. The Centre(cid:146)s thematic and disciplin- Center for Liberal Strategies, Sofia ary profile was broadened, and an additional Academic Associate emphasis was placed on social science research ! Prof. Pepka Boyadjieva, and its (cid:145)cross-fertilisation(cid:146) with human sciences. Institute of Sociology, The past year also expanded the Centre(cid:146)s Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,Sofia academic capital by adding new academic as- Academic Associate sociates (with terms starting January 1, 2008). The new associates will be presented in the first 2008 issue of our Newsletter. We were also happy to welcome on our Board of Trustees two new Members: Dr Heinz-Rudi Spiegel (Stifter- ' Centre for Advanced Study Sofia verband f(cid:252)r die deutsche Wissenschft) and Mr Martin Zaimov (Societe Generale Expressbank). Articles, pictures and interviews can be We take the opportunity to express once again reprinted only with the consent of the Editor/CAS. Any citations should be duly our thanks to Prof. Yehuda Elkana, former CAS acknowledged. Board Member, for the whole-hearted support Editor: Dr Svetla Baloutzova he had been lending us since the very beginning Design: Vesselin Pramatarov Printed by: Ango Boy of the Centre. ! No 1-2 // 2007 3 Project Parade: SHAKEN ORDER Shaken Order Authority and Social Trust in Post-Communist Societies (cid:150) Case Studies in Law Authority and social trust are essential ingredi- between the two variables is more complex ents of social life, frequently considered a kind of and contextually dependent? (cid:145)basic glue(cid:146) of social integration. However, they ! There is an attempt to compensate for the are subject to constant, sometimes profound, decrease of authority and public trust in the change, which may affect the very foundations national institutions by global institution- of society. The Shaken Order project (cid:150) a col- building, in order to maintain a functional lective, interdisciplinary research endeavour, level of social stability. To what extent does (cid:150) investigates the dynamics and tendencies this compensation succeed? of deterioration of authority and social trust in society in the field of law, placing the focus ! Where are the (cid:145)loci of authority(cid:146) in contem- on (European) post-communist societies. The porary societies and what kinds of (cid:145)author- project(cid:146)s principal objectives are: ity structures(cid:146) replace the nation-state as a central authority of modernity? ! to identify the systemic/structural and the epistemological preconditions of the ! What is the real influence on the dynamics profound changes of authority and social of authority and trust of the legal reforms trust; carried out after 1989 in the (European) post-communist societies? ! to study the effects of these processes on social (in)stability and the possibilities for ! Does the decrease in authority and trust have, institutional reforms in the field; besides the negative social consequences, some positive effects in the realms of indi- ! to test the heuristic potential of relevant vidual autonomy and active citizenship? theoretical traditions in the outlined problem areas, and to generate new ideas and ap- The general assumption of the project is that the proaches. profound changes in the distribution and levels of authority and social trust stem mostly from The project offers heuristic perspectives and in- the co-evolution of global systemic-structural spiration to scholars of different disciplines and processes (democratisation, pluralisation, ex- with different theoretical adherence, including pansion of the mass-media, intensified interna- cross-national comparisons. It aspires to find tional migration, diminished prerogatives of the answers to questions such as: nation-state, insufficiency of the supra-national ! How should we reconsider the familiar no- institution-building as a substitute source of tions of authority and trust in the context social order) and epistemological changes (i.e. of the overwhelming globalisation and the the dramatically transforming contemporary enlargement of the European Union? notions of rationality). ! Is the dynamics of authority unfolding in parallel to the corresponding dynamics of public trust or the presumed connection 4 Centre for Advanced Study So(cid:222) a Project Parade: SHAKEN ORDER Bearing in mind the project(cid:146)s interdisci- methods (emphasising qualitative tech- trust, and what is the intimate relation- plinary agenda, there is no highly elab- niques for data collection) are defined ship between the changes of authority orated, strictly uniform theory imposed as essential for achieving the project(cid:146)s and the changes of public trust. on the individual, constituent projects. research objectives. The project results will provide data Instead, bridges are expected to be The expected results envisage an in- and analyses of issues which are (cid:145)hot(cid:146), built on the level of different concep- novative, detailed and interconnected publicly sensitive, and important for tualisations and areas of research. To picture of the dynamics of authority the future development of the societies ensure the productivity of the academic and social trust in the studied field. On under consideration. dialogue, a common core of general the theoretical level, building on the theoretical ideas and theoretical (cid:145)lead- collected empirical data, the project The project(cid:146)s overall duration is two ing images(cid:146) is developed. Thus all team hopes to elaborate a model of years. Each year four new Fellows are individual projects are supposed to deal the factors responsible for the changes selected by the CAS Academic Council with some shared and simple enough in authority and social trust in the field (cid:150) the Centre(cid:146)s supreme academic body implications of an initially developed of law in post-communist (European) comprised of internationally renowned general framework. Such is the notion societies. It also intends to identify, scholars. The (cid:145)mastermind(cid:146) behind the that profound changes in the distribu- (cid:145)map(cid:146) and systematise trends in the project is Prof. DSc. Pepka Boyadjieva tion and levels of authority and trust dynamics, especially in the process of (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences), with are not limited to the post-communist deterioration of authority and social Dr Ivo Hristov as collaborator and space, but are really world-wide and trust within the field. The project is also team-leader of the (cid:145)Law(cid:146) module. The subsequently subject to some global expected to contribute to deepening our project is funded by the Trust for Civil regularities. Secondly, it is assumed that understanding of the notions of author- Society in Central and Eastern Europe the processes of central interest for the ity and social trust, by revealing how the and the Rule-of-Law Program South- project are significantly influenced by specificity of the social field influences East Europe of the Konrad Adenauer the crucial characteristics of both com- the dynamics of authority and social Foundation. ! munist and post-communist experience. Thirdly, there is a pronounced under- standing that national cultures and persisting national traditions have their own important impact on the dynamics of authority and social trust. Within this complex, interdisciplinary framework of the project(cid:146)s agenda, a great variety of methods and sources of information are used. However, the major methodological choice is left to the individual researcher(cid:146)s competence field. Sociological and anthropological No 1-2 // 2007 5 Project Parade: SHAKEN ORDER Five years later: Interview with Professor Dr Dieter Grimm, Chairman of the CAS Board of Trustees On 10 November 2007, the Centre for Have you noticed any developments and Advanced Study welcomed Professor changes in the Bulgarian public and aca- Dieter Grimm, Permanent Fellow and demic life since your first visit here? former Rector of the Wissentschaftskol- leg in Berlin (2001-7), former Judge This is difficult for me to tell since my Bulgarian of the German Constitutional Court, contacts were more or less confined to CAS. member of the Global Law Faculty at However, I observed how the city of Sofia be- New York University, and Chairman came more and more Western. Western firms of the CAS Board of Trustees. Besides have taken over and advertising is everywhere. meeting the newly-elected Fellows, en- But I am reluctant to say more. My visits were gaged in the project Shaken Order: too short. Authority and Social Trust in Post- In your first interview for the CAS Newsletter, communist Societies (see p.4) and you expressed your hope for more equal delivering a lecture on Constitutions, and extensive cooperation between West Constitutional Courts and Constitu- and East. Have you observed any East Eu- tional Interpretation at the Interface of Law and Politics (see p.24), Professor Grimm also ropean influence upon Western scholarship kindly agreed to be interviewed for the latest since then? issue of our Newsletter. Yes, definitely. One example is European inte- This is the second interview that Professor gration. When, in connection with the Consti- Grimm gave for the readers of the CAS tutional Treaty, the question was discussed what Newsletter, the first dating back to autumn the ultimate end of the process ought to be, a 2002/ No.2. The current interview seeks to distinct East European voice could be heard. highlight some new developments in the aca- This had something to do with the experiences demic environment during the last five years the new member states had made after the and underscore some major issues raised in Second Word War. These were experiences dif- his lecture. ferent from those in the West, and they should not be overlooked when the future of the EU Professor Grimm, welcome to one of your is at stake. regular visits to Bulgaria. Do you remember In addition, it seems that the contacts between when and why you first visited Bulgaria? scholars from East and West have become Of course. It was four or five years ago, more regular and more intense. The distinction and it was in connection with the Centre for between centre and periphery is disappear- Advanced Study. The Wissenschaftskolleg zu ing. Questions of identity, of coming to terms Berlin had been instrumental in establishing with the past, of commonalities and conflicts CAS, and when I became Rector of the Wis- within the Balkans, of strengthening democratic senschaftskolleg in 2001, I also became a structures and the rule of law are as important member of the Centre(cid:146)s Board. 6 Centre for Advanced Study So(cid:222) a Project Parade SHAKEN ORDER for Western academics as they are cies toward deterioration of authority impressive number of private universi- for those from Eastern countries. The and social trust in the post-communist ties in the country. How do you see European project depends on a broad societies. A working assumption is the role of private and state-funded knowledge of the various regions and that these new developments might education in our modern world? their history. be the result of some global sys- Again, it is difficult to give a general an- Fifteen years ago, there was a still tem-structural processes such as the swer. The context in various countries is sharp division between Eastern and growth of pluralisation, democratisa- so different. And context matters. In the Western academia. Have scholars tion, the decay of the nation-state, United States the best universities are come together eventually and if so, and of the scale of international private institutions, and they offer the what common topics and research migration. Do you think that there best conditions for excellence, diversity, interests have there been shaped? could be a negative side to pluralisa- public service orientation, academic freedom. In Europe with a long-stand- tion and diversity, too? The ability to communicate has certainly ing tradition of state universities the increased on both sides. Yet, when I The more homogeneous a society is the conditions for private universities are read the applications for fellowships, less numerous the sources of conflict are. less favorable. It will not be as easy for here and in similar institutions, I get The more pluralistic a society ,the more them to defend their academic freedom the impression of a certain conformity. difficult its integration. But this is the and to withstand economic pressures Much is centred around identity and modern condition, we will not change and temptations. nation building, much around belong- it, we have to face it and therefore we Talking about fundamental human ing to Europe, understandably so and should develop a productive attitude of importance, no doubt, but no longer towards pluralism. This is particularly rights (cid:150) is there a difference in the in- very original. A little more comparative true with regard to religious pluralism terpretation of fundamental rights in a work and a little more attention to the with its conflicts which we believed to be Christian and a Muslim culture? How structural preconditions of democracy, history. A problem in Eastern Europe is do their attitudes toward fundamental rule of law etc. might be helpful. that the institutions, political institutions, rights meet and accommodate in the judicial institutions, institutions of mass Would you be in favour of more plu- European Union? communication are still rather weak, ralisation and diversity of opinion in and trust is a scarce resource here. This is a big problem. Although many the scholarly field? This is why I find the Shaken Order Islamic states are among the signers of Yes, because there is a whole universe project important. But I would like to the UN pact on political and civil rights of open questions waiting for answers. make clear that, in my view, the growing traditional Islam has not found a way to A problem may be that some of the divide between rich and poor, the lack accept the idea of individual self-deter- best scholars from the region have been of a notion of the common weal and mination, which is the basis of human lured to the United States and pursue the prevailing nihilistic attitude towards rights. All political systems based on their research there under more favor- the law are problems much bigger than predetermined truths have difficulties able conditions. Still, it is a pity if they those presented by pluralism. with this idea. It took very long until the Christian Churches came to terms with do not come back. There is a growing discussion focus- rights and a secular state. But they have The Shaken Order project, which ing on the need for paid academic learnt to accept it. The secular state CAS is starting, addresses the tenden- studies in Bulgaria as well as on the allows them to preserve their truth, but No 1-2 // 2007 7 Project Parade: SHAKEN ORDER New Fellows Participants in the The Shaken Order Project prevents them from imposing it on society DR RUZHA SMILOVA, as a whole. In many Islamic countries the BULGARIA state identifies itself with religion and is therefore not prepared to recognise indi- Project title: vidual freedom. Yet, Muslim culture is more THE DUTY TO OBEY THE LAW AND heterogeneous than we mostly think. This SOCIAL TRUST: THE EXPERIENCE OF may give some hope for the future. POST-SOCIALIST BULGARIA What is the role and function of institu- tions such as the secret services and the police in the contemporary framework Dr Smilova is a graduate from the of fundamental human rights? Do they Department of Philosophy, Sofi a Uni- still have their place in our democratic versity (MA, 1995) and the Political Science Department at Central Euro- world? pean University, Budapest (MA, 1998). After the collapse of the socialist regimes She holds a Certifi cate of Studies from many people thought that armies as well Oxford University, UK (2001) and a PhD as secret services were no longer needed. degree in Political Science from CEU, The Yugoslavian wars and the terrorist Budapest (2006). Her doctoral thesis focused on A Reason-Based Justifi cation attacks destroyed this dream. The most for Liberal-Democratic Authority, and important means of defence against terror- was supervised by Prof. Janos Kis. ism is prevention. And prevention requires Her research interests are in the fi elds above all information, information about of contemporary moral and politi- intentions, plans, milieus that breed ter- cal philosophy, legal theory, rational rorism, potential actors or collaborators. choice, social choice and public choice This means that many more people will be theories, research methods for social objects of observation, detention etc. than sciences – game theory, value theory, are actually involved in terrorist activities. and normative democratic theory. This is why a reasonable balance between Dr Smilova has been awarded a wide liberty and security must be stricken. This range of international distinctions and fellowships, amongst which Best can only be provided by laws limiting the PhD Dissertation Award – 2nd place, hunger of the preventive state for infor- CEU, Budapest (2006), and Returning mation. The state should not be allowed Scholar Fellowship, Academic Fellow- to know everything that it could possibly ship Programme, Open Society Insti- know. And there are some absolute limits: tute, Budapest (2006-7). She has been Torture, for instance, is not justifiable under actively participating in conferences at any circumstances. ! home and abroad, and has contributed with a number of articles and transla- tions to Bulgarian scholarly journals. Interview: The Editor At present, she is combining her CAS 8 Centre for Advanced Study So(cid:222) a FELLOWS Shaken Order attention. Following my assumptions, I and is currently enrolled in the PhD expect them to be the law-applying and programme of the History Department the law-enforcing institutions such as the at CEU. The topic of his doctoral thesis courts and the police. is Legal Reading of the Past: Historians as Expert Witnesses. My second research hypothesis is that His professional interests fall into the institutions do indeed matter for building fi elds of historical narratives in con- social trust but their influence is indirect. temporary international criminal law, Some desirable qualities of the institutions legal reading of the past, Nonalign- allow (and when not present _ do not al- ment and Cold War, globalisation and low) citizens to put their trust in them, and transitional justice, as well as German only then do these institutions generate interwar history. and support (or undermine) social trust. Petrovic´ has published widely in native journals, contributed with chapters to books, and is the author of the mono- graph Yugoslavia Steps on the Middle fellowship with a visiting lectureship East (Belgrade 2006). at the Political Science Department He has lectured at Belgrade Open and the Philosophy Department at School, the USA Embassy to Serbia, at Sofia University, teaching MA and the Petnica Advanced Research Centre, BA courses on contemporary political and has participated in the lecture theory, rational choice theory, and series Yugoslavia: Making the Nation moral philosophy. – Breaking the Nation, organised by CEU. Petrovic´ holds memberships at nu- PROJECT ABSTRACT merous research institutions, among which the Association of Researchers This is a study of the individual attitudes VLADIMIR PETROVIĆ, in Humanities and Social Sciences of of different groups of Bulgarian citizens SERBIA Serbia, the Association of Historians toward their duty to obey the law. This ‘St. Novakovic’, Serbia, and the Inter- purported duty to obey the law will be national Workgroup on the History of studied in relation to social trust in post- Project title: Racial Sciences and Biomedicine. socialist Bulgaria. In post-communist GAINING THE TRUST THROUGH countries, we observe both an insufficient FACING THE PAST? PROSECUTING level of horizontal social trust and a lack WAR CRIMES COMMITTED IN THE PROJECT ABSTRACT of vertical trust in authority. The lack of FORMER YUGOSLAVIA trust in authority is expressed in declining IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL levels of law-abiding behaviour and in a LEGAL CONTEXT The project aims to investigate the as- pects of restoring the political order and shaken belief of the citizens in their duty reestablishing societal trust in the postwar to obey the law. Vladimir Petrovic´ has graduated from region of former Yugoslavia, assembled My research is on the following specific the History Department of the Faculty under the generic term of facing the past. groups of obligations: the payment of of Philosophy at Belgrade University The strategies of influencing the collective electricity and central heating bills, and (BA, 2003; MPhil, 2006), the History memory through revisiting the crimes of the payment of taxes. It will be based Faculty at CEU, Budapest (MA, 2005), the recent past are treated as complex on in-depth interviews with citizens and officials, using questionnaires, contain- ing among other questions hypothetical scenarios, which will provide insights into the dynamics of citizens(cid:146) and officials(cid:146) at- titudes to law and their obligations. The first research hypothesis is that the attitudes of citizens towards their own compliance with the law depend on their perceptions of their fellow citizens(cid:146) levels of compliance, but they also depend on their experience with and expectations about the performance of certain state institutions. I hope this study will yield a more determinate answer regarding the state institutions at the centre of public No 1-2 // 2007 9 FELLOWS Shaken Order MARIA-CARMEN PANTEA, ROMANIA Project Title: STATE AND ITS CHANGING INFLUENCE: A LEGAL AND SOCIAL APPROACH OF EARLY ENTRY INTO EMPLOYMENT IN ROMANIA projects at the intersection of law, his- Maria-Carmen Pantea is a graduate simultaneously comply with assumed tory and politics. The research intends from Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj, global conventions, with corporatist inter- to identify the institutional and individual (2001) with a BA degree in Pedagogy ests, international pressure and the need agency, as well as the legal and extralegal and Letters, and an MA degree in In- for public control. Declining institutional means through which projects of facing tegrated Education. She holds an MA trust, individual economic strategies and the past are promoted in both national degree in Gender Studies from CEU, migration are important challenges a and international context. The entangled Budapest (2002) and an MSc degree state like Romania needs to face. Under interaction, correlation, convergence or in Evidence Based Social Interven- these circumstances, the (cid:145)main ingredients collision of these efforts are examined tions from Oxford University, Merton of social life(cid:146) are undergoing changes through the two clusters of cases related College (2007). In 2008, she is to start that may alter the way people experience to the role of visual records in the process her PhD studies in Sociology at Babes society, the state and its institutions. of documenting war crimes in former Bolyai University, Cluj, where she is The project aims to examine the juncture Yugoslavia. combining doctoral studies and teach- between the perceived authority of na- ing assistantship. The cases at stake concern the role of tional labour laws and social capital, with Maria-Carmen Pantea holds a number photographs and footages, as both reference to one of the most vulnerable of international awards, amongst which indispensable and immediate means social groups in Romania: early school a Chevening Scholarship by the Foreign of documenting war crimes, raising the leavers without qualifications (15-18 years and Commonwealth Offi ce, UK, and an public awareness and fostering prosecu- old). The qualitative inquiry will approach International Policy Fellowship of Open tion of the perpetrators. As a focal point teenagers(cid:146) own perspectives on work, Society Institute. She has actively par- of the project of facing the past, visual law and education. It will explore social ticipated in international conferences records function as powerful vectors of practices that lead to early entry into with papers on poverty, labour and memory. They are at the same time employment, the subjective dimension of children and has contributed to refer- subject to passionate interpretations, in work and law as experienced by teenag- ence books with publications in the which the issues of authenticity and ob- ers, but also the structural constrains that fi led of child labour in Romania. jectivity are contested repeatedly by the maintain them at the margins of social segments of society, locked in denial. The concern. role of different agencies (governmental What can the entry on the black or grey institutions and NGOs, international PROJECT ABSTRACT labour market say about youths’ under- and national actors, courts and media) standing of law, and which are the main in the transfer from seeing to believing reasons for embarking upon this path? In many European countries, various is examined as crucial aspects of facing Is illegal and informal work a temporary social security schemes or welfare pro- the past projects. Their impact on the undesirable solution resulting from family grams are in place in order to encourage pace of the societal interiorisation of the poverty? What are the potential collective employers(cid:146) participation and to sup- recent bad past is scrutinised in regard to losses, besides the immediate economic port young persons entering the labour its importance for reshaping the political ones? What civic arguments can emerge? force. and social landscape of the region of What are the potential insights into social former Yugoslavia. However, in many East European coun- capital and social trust? tries, legal and social factors are con- The project will highlight the fact that so- tributing to teenage entry into low skilled cial transformations are not smooth tran- jobs, mainly in an often-invisible segment sitions, but rather intricate phenomena of the labour market. resulting from the coexistence of various At the time the first generation born after layers of power and influence, political communism is reaching active age, the discourses and social transformations. state has to play new roles. It needs to 10 Centre for Advanced Study So(cid:222) a

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