Cengage Advantage Books: Essentials of Public Speaking

440 Pages·2011·9.453 MB·English

by  Cheryl Hamilton

Fifth Edition
Essentials of
Public Speaking
Cheryl Hamilton
Tarrant County College—NE Campus
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Cheryl Hamilton
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Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11
Essentials of Public Speaking, Fifth Edition,
is dedicated to Doris S. Redd
(I’m so lucky to have her for my mother—and she’s a great copyeditor
as well! Thanks, Mom.)
Brief Contents
Quick Start Guide to Public Speaking xxvii
One • Foundations 1
1 Public Speaking, Ethics, and You 2
2 Building Speaker Confi dence 27
3 Listening: What Speakers and Listeners Should Know 47
Two • Preparing Your Speech 71
4 Analyzing Your Audience 72
5 Selecting, Outlining, and Researching Your Topic 101
6 Supporting Your Ideas 123
7 Organizing a Successful Speech 146
Three • Presenting Your Speech 179
8 Delivering Your Message 180
9 Perfecting Language Style 202
10 Preparing Eff ective Visual Aids 222
Four • Types of Speeches 247
11 Informative Speaking 248
12 Persuasive Speaking: Individual or Team 277
13 Persuasive Methods and Theories 316
14 Special Occasion Speaking 347
References 365
Glossary 379
Index 385
iv
Contents
Preface xvii
Quick Start Guide to Public Speaking xxvii
ONE • Foundations 1
Unit One Quiz: Myths About Public Speaking 1
Chapter 1 • Public Speaking, Ethics, and You 2
Public Speaking: Benefi ts in Your Life 3
Enhancing Your Personal Satisfaction and Development 3
Infl uencing Your World 4
Speaking to Make a Diff erence: Bill Gates 5
Advancing Your Career 6
Active Critical Thinking 8
The Right Speech for the Occasion 9
Informative Versus Persuasive Speeches 9
Special Occasion Speeches 9
Active Critical Thinking 10
The Communication Process and the Public Speaker 10
Speaker/Listeners 10
Stimulus and Motivation 11
Message Encoding and Decoding 11
Verbal, Visual, and Vocal Codes 13
Feedback 13
Environment/Context 14
Noise 14
Active Critical Thinking 14
Ethics: The Public Speaker’s Obligation 15
Examples and Costs of Unethical Behavior 16
Exaggeration, Distortion, and Plagiarism 17
Plagiarism and Technology 17
Classroom Ethics 18
Active Critical Thinking 19
Sample Introductory Speech: “Closet Artifacts” by Monica E. Wolfe 20
Summary 21
Essentials of Public Speaking Online 22
Key Terms 22
v
vi CONTENTS
Personal Skill Building 22
Collaborative Skill Building 24
Unit One: Quiz Answers 25
Chapter 2 • Building Speaker Confi dence 27
Understanding Communicator Anxiety 28
Situational Anxiety 28
Trait Anxiety 29
Active Critical Thinking 30
Managing Situational Anxiety 30
Prepare and Practice 30
Warm Up First 31
Use Deep Breathing 31
Plan an Introduction to Relax You and Your Listeners 31
Concentrate on Meaning 32
Use Visual Aids 32
Use Positive Imagery 32
Active Critical Thinking 33
Managing Trait Anxiety: Positive Imagery 33
Why Positive Imagery Works 34
Mastering Positive Imagery 35
Speaking to Make a Diff erence: Arnold Schwarzenegger 36
Practicing Positive Imagery 39
Active Critical Thinking 41
Other Methods for Managing Anxiety 41
Active Critical Thinking 43
Summary 43
Essentials of Public Speaking Online 44
Key Terms 44
Personal Skill Building 44
Collaborative Skill Building 45
Chapter 3 • Listening: What Speakers and Listeners
Should Know 47
Stages of Listening 48
The Receive Stage 48
The Comprehend Stage 49
The Interpret Stage 49
The Evaluate Stage 50
The Respond Stage 51
The Memory Stage 51
Active Critical Thinking 52
Listening Filters 52
Culture 53
Gender 55
CONTENTS vii
Technology 56
Active Critical Thinking 57
Stage: Stimulating and Motivating Your Audience to Listen 57
Stimulate and Motivate Your Audience 57
Grab Audience Attention: Stimulate Them 57
Speaking to Make a Diff erence: Barbara Jordan 58
Keep Audience Attention: Motivate Them 59
Comprehend Stage: Maximize Listeners’ Understanding 59
Maximize Listeners’ Understanding 59
Interpret Stage: Don’t Get Caught by the 100 Percent
Communication Myth 61
Evaluate Stage: Counteract Listeners’ Resistance to Persuasion 61
Strengthen Your Personal Credibility 61
Highlight the Credibility of Your Sources 62
Keep Listeners from Evading Your Message 62
Keep the Listeners’ Attention on the Speech 63
Respond Stage: Read Listeners’ Feedback Cues 63
Put Feedback Cues in Context 64
Don’t Generalize from Single Listener Response 64
Look for Subtle Signs of Inattention or Low-Level Listening 64
Memory Stage: Make Your Message Easier to Remember 65
Incorporate Cues to Aid Memory 65
Don’t State Key Ideas in the First or Second Sentence 66
Use Visuals to Enhance Listening and Remembering 66
Active Critical Thinking 67
Summary 67
Essentials of Public Speaking Online 68
Key Terms 68
Personal Skill Building 68
Collaborative Skill Building 69
TWO • Preparing Your Speech 71
Unit Two Quiz: Speech Preparation 71
Chapter 4 • Analyzing Your Audience 72
Analyzing Your Audience: Situational Information 73
Active Critical Thinking 75
Analyzing Your Audience: Demographic Information 75
Identifying Specifi c Demographic Characteristics 75
Using Technology to Search for Cultural Demographic Information 77
Choosing Which Demographic Characteristics to Use 78
Active Critical Thinking 78
viii CONTENTS
Analyzing Your Audience: Psychological Information 79
Values 79
Beliefs 80
Attitudes 80
Needs 81
Hazards of Incomplete Psychological Analysis 82
Active Critical Thinking 83
Speaking to Make a Diff erence: Dave Carroll 84
Analyzing Audience Receptivity 85
Active Critical Thinking 86
Sample Informative Speech: “Our Solar System and the Three Dwarves”
by Kara Hoekstra 86
Collecting and Using Audience Information 90
Before the Speech 90
After the Speech 92
Using Audience Analysis 93
Active Critical Thinking 95
Summary 96
Essentials of Public Speaking Online 96
Key Terms 96
Personal Skill Building 97
Collaborative Skill Building 98
Unit Two: Quiz Answers 98
Chapter 5 • Selecting, Outlining, and Researching
Your Topic 101
Selecting Your Topic, Purpose, and Main Points 102
Determine Your Topic 102
Speaking to Make a Diff erence: Harry Markopolos 105
Defi ne Your Exact Purpose 106
Determine Your Main Points 107
Preparing a Rough-Draft Outline 108
Active Critical Thinking 111
Researching Your Topic 111
Avoid Research Mistakes 111
Begin with Printed Materials 112
Use Licensed Electronic Databases When Possible 113
Use the Internet with Care 113
Conduct Personal Interviews 118
Record Research Information Carefully to Avoid Plagiarism 119
Active Critical Thinking 120
Summary 120
Essentials of Public Speaking Online 120
Key Terms 121
Personal Skill Building 121
Collaborative Skill Building 122