Cellular Internet of Things 2e : Technologies, Standards, and Performance.

776 Pages·2019·29.074 MB·English

by  Bergman, Johan, Liberg, Olof, Sachs, Joachim, Sundberg, Marten, Wang, Eric

CELLULAR INTERNET
OF THINGS
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CELLULAR
INTERNET OF
THINGS
FROM MASSIVE DEPLOYMENTS TO
CRITICAL 5G APPLICATIONS
SECOND EDITION
O L
LOF IBERG
Ericsson BusinessUnit Networks
M S
ÅRTEN UNDBERG
Ericsson BusinessUnit Networks
Y.-P. E W
RIC ANG
Ericsson Research
J B
OHAN ERGMAN
Ericsson BusinessUnit Networks
J S
OACHIM ACHS
Ericsson Research
G W
USTAV IKSTRÖM
Ericsson Research
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Contents
Biography vii 4.8 Operationin anarrowfrequency
deployment 149
Preface ix
4.9 Positioning 153
Acknowledgments xi
References 153
5. LTE-M
1. The Internet of Things
5.1 Background 156
1.1 Introduction 1 5.2 Physicallayer 162
1.2 IoTcommunicationtechnologies 3 5.3 Idleandconnectedmode procedures 206
1.3 Outlineofthebook 8 5.4 NRandLTE-Mcoexistence 249
References 10 References 253
2. Global cellular IoT standards 6. LTE-M performance
2.1 3GPP 12 6.1 Performanceobjectives 255
2.2 Cellularsystem architecture 13 6.2 Coverage 256
2.3 Frommachine-type communications tothe 6.3 Datarate 258
cellularinternetofthings 18 6.4 Latency 263
2.4 5G 29 6.5 Batterylife 265
2.5 MFA 37 6.6 Capacity 267
References 38 6.7 Devicecomplexity 270
References 272
3. EC-GSM-IoT
7. NB-IoT
3.1 Background 42
3.2 Physicallayer 46 7.1 Background 275
3.3 Idleandconnectedmode procedures 87 7.2 Physicallayer 284
3.4 Otherfeatures 119 7.3 Idleandconnectedmode procedures 350
References 124 7.4 NRandNB-IoTcoexistence 394
References 401
4. EC-GSM-IoT performance
8. NB-IoT performance
4.1 Performanceobjectives 126
4.2 Coverage 126 8.1 Performanceobjectives 404
4.3 Datarate 131 8.2 Coverageanddatarate 405
4.4 Latency 134 8.3 Peakdatarates 418
4.5 Batterylife 136 8.4 Latency 423
4.6 Capacity 140 8.5 Batterylife 425
4.7 Devicecomplexity 146 8.6 Capacity 428
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vi CONTENTS
8.7 Positioning 432 13.4 LTEenhancementsintroducedin
8.8 Devicecomplexity 432 3GPPRel-15 609
8.9 NB-IoTfulfilling5Gperformance References 612
requirements 435
References 439 14. IoT technologies in unlicensed
spectrum
9. LTE URLLC
14.1 Operationin unlicensedspectrum 614
9.1 Background 442 14.2 Radiotechnologies forunlicensed
9.2 Physicallayer 443 spectrum 622
9.3 Idleandconnectedmode References 630
procedures 477
References 498 15. MulteFire Alliance IoT technologies
10. LTE URLLC performance
15.1 Background 634
15.2 LTE-M-U 634
10.1 Performanceobjectives 500 15.3 NB-IoT-U 658
10.2 Simulationframework 500 15.4 Performance 677
10.3 Evaluation 502 References 685
References 514
16. Choice of IoT technology
11. NR URLLC
16.1 CellularIoTversus non-cellular IoT 688
11.1 Background 516 16.2 ChoiceofcellularIoTtechnology 690
11.2 PhysicalLayer 521 16.3 Whichcellular IoTtechnologytoselect 702
11.3 Idleandconnectedmode References 706
procedures 550
References 562 17. Technical enablers for the IoT
12. NR URLLC performance
17.1 Devices,computingandinput/output
technologies 710
12.1 Performanceobjectives 564 17.2 Communicationtechnologies 711
12.2 Evaluation 565 17.3 InternettechnologiesforIoT 712
12.3 Servicecoverage 587 17.4 TheindustrialInternetof Things 722
References 599 References 725
13. Enhanced LTE connectivity 18. 5G and beyond
for drones
References 734
13.1 Introduction 602
13.2 Propagationchannel characteristics 602 Index 737
13.3 Challenges 607
Biography
Olof Liberg is a Master Researcher at Ericsson Business Unit Networks. After studies in
Sweden, USA, Germany, and Switzerland, he received a bachelor’s degree in Business and
Economics and a master’sdegreein Engineering Physics, both from Uppsala University. He
joined Ericsson in 2008 and has specialized in the design and standardization of cellular
systems for machine-type communications and Internet of Things (IoT). He has, over the
years,activelycontributedtotheworkinseveralstandardizationbodiessuchas3GPP,ETSI
and the MulteFire Alliance. He was the chairman of 3GPP TSG GERAN and its Working
Group 1, during the 3GPP study on new radio access technologies for IoT leading up to the
specification of EC-GSM-IoT and NB-IoT.
Mårten Sundberg is a researcher at Ericsson Business Unit Networks, with a previous
position as a Senior Specialist in GSM radio access technology. He joined Ericsson in 2005
after receiving his master’s degree in Engineering Physics from Uppsala University. As
Rapporteur of the 3GPP Work Item on EC-GSM-IoT he was leading the technical work to
standardize the new GSM-based feature dedicated for IoT. In 2016, he started leading the
work toward URLLC for LTE, being a Rapporteur for the Work Item introducing shortened
TTIandshorterprocessingtimes.Apartfrombeingactiveinthe3GPPstandardizationbody,
MårtenhasalsoworkedformanyyearsinETSI,harmonizingradiorequirementsinEurope.
Y.eP.EricWangisaPrincipalResearcheratEricssonResearch.HeholdsaPhDdegreein
electricalengineeringfromtheUniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor.In2001and2002,hewas
amemberoftheexecutivecommitteeoftheIEEEVehicularTechnologySocietyandservedas
the society’s Secretary. Dr. Wang was an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on
VehicularTechnologyfrom 2003to2007.HeisatechnicalleaderinEricssonResearchinthe
area of IoT connectivity. Dr. Wang was a corecipient of Ericsson’s Inventors of the Year
award in 2006. He has contributed to more than 150 US patents and more than 50 IEEE
articles.
Johan Bergman is a Master Researcher at Ericsson Business Unit Networks. He received
his master’s degree in Engineering Physics from Chalmers University of Technology in
Sweden. He joined Ericsson in 1997, initially working with baseband receiver algorithm
design for 3G cellular systems. Since 2005, he has been working with 3G/4G physical layer
standardizationin3GPPTSGRANWorkingGroup1.AsRapporteurofthe3GPPTSGRAN
Work Items on LTE for machine-type communications in Releases 13, 14, 15, and 16, he has
ledthetechnicalworktostandardizethenewLTE-basedfeaturesdedicatedforIoT.Hewasa
corecipient of Ericsson’s Inventor of the Year award for 2017.
Joachim Sachs is a Principal Researcher at Ericsson Research. After studies in Germany,
Norway, France and Scotland he received a diploma degree in electrical engineering from
Aachen University (RWTH), Germany, and a PhD degree from the Technical University of
Berlin.HejoinedEricssonin1997andhasworkedonavarietyoftopicsintheareaofwireless
communicationsystems,andhascontributedtothestandardizationof3G,4Gand5G.Since
1995 he has been active in the IEEE and the German VDE Information Technology Society,
vii
viii BIOGRAPHY
where he is currently co-chair of the technical committee on communication networks. In
2009 he was a visiting scholar at Stanford University, USA.
GustavWikströmisaResearchLeaderatEricssonResearchintheareaofRadioNetwork
Architecture and Protocols. He has a background in Experimental Particle Physics and
received his PhD from Stockholm University in 2009, after Master studies in Engineering
Physics in Lund, Uppsala, and Rennes. After Post-doc studies in Geneva, he joined Ericsson
in 2011. He has been driving the evolution of network performance tools and studies and
workedwithWLANenhancementstowardIEEE.Until2018hewasthedriveroflatencyand
reliability improvements (URLLC) in LTE and NR.
Preface
TheInternetofThingsistransformingthe machine-typecommunication(mMTC).Chapters
informationandcommunicationstechnology 3, 5 and 7 present descriptions of the phys-
industry. It embodies the vision of connect- ical layer design and the specified proced-
ing virtually anything with everything and ures for each of EC-GSM-IoT, LTE-M and
builds on a global growth of the overall NB-IoT. Chapters 4, 6 and 8 in detail eval-
number of connected devices. To support, uate the performance of each of these three
and further boost, this growth the Third technologies and, when relevant, compare it
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to the 5G mMTC performance requirements.
standards development organization has in Chapters 9 to 12 provide the design details
its Releases 13, 14 and 15 developed the and performance of LTE and 5G New
technologies Extended Coverage GSM Internet Radio URLLC. The performance evaluations
of Things (EC-GSM-IoT), LTE for Machine- compare the achieved performance to the set
Type Communications (LTE-M), Narrowband of 5G performance requirements agreed for
Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and Ultra-Reliable criticalmachine-typecommunication (cMTC)
and Low Latency Communications (URLLC). intermsofreliabilityandlatency.Chapter13
These technologies provide cellular services discusses the enhancements 3GPP Release 15
to massive number of IoT devices with introduced on LTE for the support of drone
stringent requirements in terms of connec- communication.
tion density, energy efficiency, reachability, Chapters 14 and 15 turn the attention
reliability and latency. from licensed spectrum operation which is
This book sets out to introduce, charac- commonly associated with the 3GPP tech-
terize and in detail describe these new tech- nologiestowirelessIoTsystemsoperatingin
nologies that together are defining the unlicensed frequency bands. Chapter 14
concept known as the Cellular Internet of describes popular short- and long-range
Things. After an introduction to the book in wireless technologies for providing IoT
Chapter 1, Chapter 2 presents the 3GPP and connectivity. Chapter 15 presents the work
theMulteFireAlliance(MFA)standardization done by the MFA on adapting LTE-M
organizations. Chapter 2 also gives an and NB-IoT for operation in unlicensed
overview of the early work performed by frequency bands.
3GPP to support IoT on 2G, 3G and 4G, Chapter 16 summarizes the descriptions
andintroduces3GPP’smostrecentworkon andperformanceevaluationsprovidedinthe
the 5G New Radio. Chapters 3 to 8 focus earlier chapters and gives the reader guid-
on the work 3GPP successfully has per- ance on how to best select an IoT system for
formed on technologies supporting massive meetingmMTCandcMTCmarketdemands.
ix