CCTV Surveillance. Analog and Digital Video Practices and Technology

646 Pages·2005·22.73 MB·English

by  Herman Kruegle and Frank Abram (Auth.)

Photo Credits
Thepublisherandauthorwouldliketothankthelistedmanufacturersforthephotographsusedinthefigures.
AcceleElectronics 8-9A,8-9B
AllanBroadband 25-14A
AmericanDynamics 12-1,17-1E
Avida 2-7C,2-7E,2-7G,2-7H,2-16A,2-16B,2-17A,2-17B,2-17C,2-17D,2-17E,
2-17F,4-18A,4-27C,4-27D,4-27E,4-30,4-33A,4-33B,4-36,4-37,4-38,4-40,
15-2A,15-2C,15-8A,15-8C,15-10B,15-12,15-15A,15-15B,16-7,18-5A,
18-6A,18-6B,18-7,18-10,18-11A,18-11B,18-14A,18-14B,18-20A,18-23D,
18-24,19-22A,19-22B,21-2A,21-2B,21-4A,21-4B,21-4C,22-4A,22-4C,22-5,
22-10B,22-10C,22-23A,22-23B,22-25,22-26,22-27
AxisCommunications 5-14B,7-28A,7-34A,7-34B,7-35A,7-35B
CBCAmerica 15-9A
CanonUSA 4-14A
CasioUSA 7-36A
Cohu,Inc. 2-10A,2-10F
ContropUSA 17-24
COP-USA 18-19B
DellStar 6-35A
D-Link 7-36B
Digispec 13-8A
FMSystems 25-13B
GlobalSolar 23-11A,23-11C
Gossen 25-15A
Greenlee 25-21A,25-21B
Gyrozoom 4-14B
Hitachi 2-26D,17-22A
HoneywellSecurity 9-12C,15-2D,15-7D,15-10D,15-13,22-10B
ICU 13-8C,13-8D
IFS/GESecurity 6-28,6-30
IkegamiElectronics(U.S.A.Inc.) 2-10C,4-38,8-5A
IntegralTech 7-36C
Intellicom 25-22A,25-22B
InternationalFiberSystems 6-28,6-30
Ipix 2-15B
InstrumentationTechSystems 16-6A,16-6B
Keithley 25-14B
LeaderInstruments 25-1A,25-2A,25-2B,25-2C,25-6A,25-10,25-11
LoweringSystems 14-8C,14-8D
Mace 15-10C
Mannix 25-15B
Marshall 8-16A
Mitsubishi 2-28A,10-1
NVT 6-9A,6-9B
Omniscope 2-15A
PanasonicSecuritySystems Coverimage(bottom),2-10B,2-26A,2-26C,2-27B,2-27C,5-14A,8-9D,14-4B,
14-5B,14-6A,15-2B,17-2,18-20B,20-4A,20-4B,20-5B
Parkut 22-26,22-27
Pelco 14-5C,15-7C,15-14B,15-17,17-1A,17-1C,17-11B
Pentax 2-7A,2-14,4-12A
Radiant 13-8B
Rainbow 4-12B,4-19,4-22A,4-22B
RF-Links 18-25B
RemoteVideoSurveillance 9-12B
SanyoSecurityProducts Cover image (middle right), 2-27A, 5-14C, 8-5B, 8-9C, 9-12A, 14-1A, 15-6C,
15-6D,15-10A,17-1D
SagebrushTechnology 17-14
Selectronic 8-10A
Semco 6-38C
SOHOware 7-10
SonyElectronics 4-26,4-31,5-22,7-28B,14-1B,14-4A,17-22B
SmarterSystems 23-13
Tektronix 25-1B,25-1C,25-6B,25-13A
Thorlabs 25-17
Trango 6-35B,6-35C
Uni-SolarOvonic 23-11B
Vicon 2-26B, 2-30A, 2-30C, 14-3, 14-5A, 14-5D, 14-6B, 15-1A, 15-1B, 15-5, 15-6A,
15-6B,15-9B,15-11,15-14A,15-14C,15-19B,17-1B,17-10A,17-11A
Videolarm 2-29E,14-7A,14-7B,14-7C,14-8A,14-8B,15-7A,15-8B,15-8D,15-9C,15-14D,
15-19A,17-13,17-15A,17-15B,22-4B
Watec 18-19A,18-19C
Winsted 20-2A,20-2B,20-3A,20-3B
Foreword
AfewyearsagoIhadtheprivilegeofaddressingaCongres- on video surveillance and related technologies. I have
sional Subcommittee on Technology and Procurement had the privilege of knowing and working with Herman
Policy, chaired by Congressman Tom Davis. In addition for many years. He is a consummate professional who
to examining GSA’s efforts to secure federal buildings, has the innate ability to explain the technical aspects of
the Subcommittee was interested in hearing and learn- this emerging technology in a manner we can all under-
ing about new physical security technology. When I leaf stand and put into practice. Herman’s first book, CCTV
through the pages of this book, I again realize the enor- Surveillance – Video Practices and Technology, is considered,
mity of the task undertaken by the Subcommittee, the bymostofusintheindustry,tobethebibleofCCTV,and
necessity for doing so, and the importance of this type of I fully expect this revised edition will rise to even greater
informationtonotonlysecurityprofessionals,butnowto popularity.
ITprofessionalsaswell. In the pages following, readers will find concise and
Closedcircuittelevision(CCTV)andotherrelatedvideo intelligent descriptions of the analog and digital video
security and surveillance technology has advanced fur- practices and technology we have all grown up with. But
ther and faster in the period from 2001 to 2005 than in moreimportant,Hermanhasincluded,inthisrevisededi-
any prior comparable time period. IP cameras, mapping, tion, his explanation of the newest audio/video informa-
servers, platforms, LANs, WANs, and VPNs, wireless, dig- tiontechnology(AV/IT)developments,productsutilizing
ital migration, algorithms, etc. are all converging along the technology and applications for same. Security pro-
with other related security system technologies such as fessionals,systemintegrators,architectsandengineers,IT
access control, life safety, intrusion alarms, etc. with the managers, or end users who are looking for a resource
intent to configure fully integrated systems. This is the to help them navigate this complex field of IP Video
new direction for the security industry as digital technol- Security will not be disappointed. The material is well
ogyhasbecomepervasiveacrossallproductlines,opening researched and thoughtfully laid out to help insure the
the door to more software-oriented control platforms on reader’sunderstandingandtohopefullyallowthemtogo
theenterpriselevel. ontodesigning,installing,andusingdigitalvideosurveil-
So who is the better person to chronicle, explain, and lancetoitsfullestcapacity.
put these terms and technology into perspective than
Herman Kruegle, one of the industry’s foremost experts FrankAbram
xi
Preface
Following the same philosophy contained in the first edi- ThisnewrevisededitionofCCTVSurveillanceincludes
tion, the second edition is written for and contains infor- the new digital video technology and contains eight new
mation valuable to the end-user as well as the technical chapters:
practitioner. Each chapter begins with an overview and
Chapter7 DigitalTransmission,Video,
then presents equipment available with their characteris-
CommunicationsandControl
tics,features,andapplication.
Chapter10 HardCopyVideoPrinters
The first edition of CCTV Surveillance in 1995 asked
Chapter12 QuadsandMultiplexers
the question “why write a CCTV surveillance book?”. At
Chapter14 DomeCameras
that time, analog CCTV had progressed from a vacuum
Chapter20 ControlRoom/ConsoleDesign
tube to a solid state technology that provided reliable,
Chapter21 RapidDeploymentVideoSystems
longlife small cameras produced at prices affordable for
Chapter24 Video-SecuritySystemsIntegration
mostsecurityapplications.
Chapter25 VideoSystemTestEquipment
Adecadelater,significantadvanceshavebeenmadein
camerasensors,computers,anddigitaltransmissiontech-
Chapter7—Wiredandwirelessdigitaltransmissionrep-
nology to warrant a complete review of CCTV’s role in
resents possibly the most significant technology advance-
the security industry. The migration from legacy analog
ment in the video security industry. It makes use of the
components to digital technology and the emergence of
Internet and intranets for remote video, data, and audio
the Internet have accelerated the utilization of Internet
communication over existing hard wire communication
protocol (IP) video and remote monitoring in security.
links. Chapter 7 includes an analysis of digital wireless
The internet has permitted the widespread interconnec- video transmission using the family of 802.11x protocol
tionofothertechnologiesincludingintrusionandfireand spread spectrum technology (SST). Prior to 1995–98 the
intrusionalarmsystems,accesscontrol,andothercommu- Internetwasnotavailableforcommercialuseandremote
nicationsandcontrol. video monitoring and control was accomplished primar-
The ease of interconnection afforded by digital trans- ily over existing telephone lines or expensive satellite
mission of video and other pertinent security data any- links with limited functionality. Ease of installation, cam-
where in a facility, local environment or globally, engen- era addressing, and identification using IP cameras has
ders a new meaning to video transmission and remote openedanewvistainvideotransmissionandremotemon-
viewing. itoring.
The explosion of high-capacity magnetic disk, solid Chapter10—Thischapterdescribesthenewtechnolog-
state, and optical data storage memories has permitted icaladvancesmadeinhard-copyprintersthatimprovethe
the generation of new products including digital video quality and reduce the cost of monochrome and color
recorders(DVR)anddatacompressionalgorithmstocom- video printouts. The advances in ink-jet and laser printer
pressandstorevideoimagesandreplacethetime-honored technologiesusinginexpensive,largesolidstatememories
magneticvideocassetterecorder(VCR). andhighresolutionlinearCCDimagershavebeendriven
In this second edition of CCTV Surveillance, I have bytheconsumerandbusinessmarkets,andhavegiventhe
attempted to add these new technologies to the “non- securityindustryaccesstolow-cost,color,hardcopyprints
changing” basic technologies covered in the first edition. rivalingphotographicresolutionandquality.
Physics does not change—only the technology and prod- Chapter12—Whileavailablein1995,multiplexershave
uctsdo. taken on new importance because of the significant
xiii
xiv Preface
increaseinthenumberofcamerasusedinatypicalsecu- RDSsystemsarecarriedfromonelocationtoanotherand
rityinstallationandtheirabilitytobeintegratedintoDVRs deployed quickly to set up an alarm perimeter and real-
thatwerenotavailablefiveyearsago. time video monitoring and recording. Analog or digital
Chapter 14—Dome cameras are now everywhere in transmissionallowslocalorremotemonitoring.Afteruse,
security systems. In 1995 they were used primarily in theRDSequipmentisdisassembledandstoredinitscarry-
selected locations: casinos, department stores, supermar- ingcase,readyforanotherdeployment.Themuchsmaller
kets, malls, and in outdoor parking lot applications. The sizeofthevideoandalarmequipmenthasacceleratedits
public at large has accepted their presence almost every- useandacceptance.
where. Domes are easy to install and can be small and Chapter 22—The Video Applications chapter has been
aesthetic.Domecamerasareadjustableinpointingdirec- updated and expanded to include digital video applica-
tion(manualormotorized,panandtilt),andmanyhave tions including the combination of legacy analog and IP
motorizedzoomlensestochangethecamerafieldofview cameras. One video monitoring application uses on-site
(FOV). The use of small dome cameras has exploded local networks and a second application uses the Inter-
becauseofsignificantcostreductionandsophisticationof netandIPcameras,signalrouters,andserversforremote
pointing and zooming capabilities. Fast pan/tilt camera site video monitoring. Security applications require com-
moduleswithremotecontrolviaanalogordigitalcommu- plete integration of communication, video, alarm, access
nications over two-wire or wireless communication links control, and fire to provide monitoring by the local secu-
arereasonsfortheirpopularity. rity force, and corporate executives at a local or remote
Chapter20—ConsolesandControlRoomshavebecome site(s). The integration of these security functions pro-
morecomplexandrequiremoredesignattentionfortheir videsthesafetyandsecuritynecessarytoprotectpersonnel
successfulimplementation.Thischapteranalyzesthecon- andassetsatanyfacility.
sole and security control room with regard to lighting, Chapter 25—Installation and maintenance of video
monitor locations, operator control placement, and the equipment requires the use of video and computer test
other human factors required for guard efficiency and equipment.Priortothewidespreaduseofdigitaltechnol-
comfort. ogy in security systems, a limited range of test equipment
Chapter 21—There has always been a requirement for was used. Now with the many computer interfaces and
atransportableRapidDeploymentSecurity(RDS)systems Internet protocols and connection to the Internet, more
having video and alarm intrusion equipment for protect- sophisticatedtestequipmentandsomeknowledgeofsoft-
ingpersonnelandassets.ThePost-911erawithrealterror wareandcomputerprogrammingisnecessary.Parameters
threats has initiated the need for RDS equipment to pro- tobetestedandmonitoredinclude:(a)videosignallevel
tect military, government, business, and other personnel and quality; (b) control data signals for pan, tilt, zoom,
on travel. The majority of these systems consist of alarm focus;and(c)digitalsignalprotocolsformultiplexers,IP
intrusionandanalogordigitalvideoviewingsystem.These cameras,signalroutersandservers,DVRs,etc.
Acknowledgments
Over the years I have had opportunities to speak with IacknowledgetheinitialencouragementofKevinKopp
many individuals who provided technical insight in video andeditorialadviceofGregFranklinatButterworth(now
technologyandelectro-optics.Iparticularlyappreciatethe Elsevier)duringtheformativestagesofthefirsteditionof
discussions with Stanley Dolin and Lee Gallagher, on the CCTVSurveillancein1995.IthankallstaffatElsevierfor
subjectsofoptics,thephysicsoflighting,lenses,andopti- bringingoutthissecondeditionsuccessfully:PamChester
cal sensors. I found very helpful the technical discussions forherassistanceintheformulationofthisedition,Mark
on cameras with Frank Abram, Sanyo Security Products, Listewnik for his constant encouragement, professional
and Victor Houk. I thank Dr. Gerald Herskowitz, Stevens suggestions, and diligence in bringing this large project
InstituteofTechnologyforcontributingtothefiber-optic toasuccessfulconclusion,JeffFreelandforprovidingthe
section in Chapter 6 and reviewing other sections on meticulousfinaleditingandeffortincompletingthislarge
videotransmission.IthankRobertWimmerandFredrick endeavor.
Nilsson for their excellent technical articles in security I gratefully acknowledge the dedication, patience, and
journals, company publications, as well as technical sem- skill of my wife, Carol, in assisting in the preparation of
inars on many aspects of video security. Thanks to Char- thisbook.
lie Pierce for his interest in my book over the years and I would like to thank the manufacturers for the use of
enthusiasmandexcellenceinpresentingstimulatingedu- themanyphotographsthatillustratethecomponentsused
cational video seminars. Eric Kruegle, Avida Inc., con- invideosecurityapplications.Eachofthemcontributeto
tributedhisexpertiseonvariousaspectsofdigitalvideo.In the education of the security professional and assist the
particularIappreciatehishelpinwiredandwirelessvideo consultant, systems integrator, and end user in designing
transmission, compression, and encryption in Chapter 7. andimplementingthebestsecuritysystempossible.
Eric was also instrumental in keeping my computer alive,
andIthankhimforrescuingmelateatnightfrommissing
filesandsoftwaresurprises.
xv
PART I
Chapter 1
Video’s Critical Role in the Security Plan
CONTENTS
1.1 ProtectionofAssets
of an assets protection program are: (1) an adequate
1.1.1 Overview
plan designed to prevent losses from occurring, (2) ade-
1.1.2 Background
quatecountermeasurestolimitunpreventablelosses,and
1.2 TheRoleofVideoinAssetProtection
(3)supportoftheprotectionplanbytopmanagement.
1.2.1 Video as Part of the Emergency and
DisasterPlan
1.2.1.1 Protecting Life and Minimizing
Injury 1.1.1 Overview
1.2.1.2 ReducingExposureofPhysicalAssets
andOptimizingLossControl Most situations today require a complete safety/security
1.2.1.3 Restoring Normal Operations plan.Theplanshouldcontainrequirementsforintrusion
Quickly detection,videoassessment,firedetection,accesscontrol,
1.2.1.4 DocumentinganEmergency and full two-way communication. Critical functions and
1.2.1.5 Emergency Shutdown and locations must be monitored using wired and wireless
Restoration backupcommunications.
1.2.1.6 TestingthePlan Themostsignificantdrivingforcebehindtheexplosion
1.2.1.7 StandbyPowerandCommunications intheuseofclosed-circuittelevision(CCTV)hasbeenthe
1.2.2 SecurityInvestigations worldwide increase in theft and terrorism and the com-
1.2.3 Safety mensurate concern and need to protect personnel and
1.2.4 TheRoleoftheGuard assets.TheterroristattackonSeptember11,2001,brought
1.2.5 EmployeeTrainingandEducation aboutaquantumjumpandacompletereevaluationofthe
1.3 SynergythroughIntegration personnelandassetsecurityrequirementstosafe-guarda
1.3.1 IntegratedFunctions facility. To meet this new threat, video security has taken
1.3.2 SystemHardware ontheleadroleinprotectingpersonnelandassets.Today
1.4 Video’sRoleandItsApplications everystate-of-the-artsecuritysystemmustincludevideoas
1.4.1 VideoSystemSolutions akeycomponenttoprovidethe“remoteeyes”forsecurity,
1.4.2 Overtvs.CovertVideo fire,andsafety.
1.4.3 SecuritySurveillanceApplications The fateful day of September 11, 2001, has dramatized
1.4.4 SafetyApplications the importance of reliable communications and remote
1.4.5 VideoAccessControl visualization of images via remote video cameras. Many
1.5 TheBottomLine lives were saved (and lost) as a consequence of the voice,
video,alarm,andfireequipmentinplaceandinuseatthe
time of the fateful attack on the World Trade Center in
NewYork.Theavailabilityofoperational wiredandwireless
1.1 PROTECTIONOFASSETS two-way communication between command and control
headquarters and responders (police, fire, emergency)
The protection of personnel and assets is a manage- played a crucial role in life and death. The availability
ment function. Three key factors governing the planning (orabsence)atcommandpostsofreal-timevideoimages
1
2 CCTVSurveillance
at crucial locations in the Twin Towers during the attack thieves but rather the deterrence of crime through secu-
and evacuation contributed to the action taken by com- rity. A successful thief needs privacy—a video system can
mandpersonnelduringthetragedy.Theuse(orabsence) denythatprivacy.
ofwirelesstransmissionfromtheremotevideocamerasin Asasecurityby-product,videohasemergedasaneffec-
theTwinTowersclearlyhadanimpactonthenumberof tive training tool for managers and security personnel.
survivorsandcasualties. Every installation/establishment should have a security
During the 1990s, video components (cameras, plan in place prior to an incident. Video-based training
recorders, monitors, etc.) technology matured from the is easy to implement using the abundance of inexpen-
legacyanalogtoadigitalimagingtechnologyandbecame sive camcorders and playback equipment available and
compatible with computers and now forms an essential the commercial video production training video services
part of the security solution. In the late 1990s, digi- available. The use of training videos results in standard-
tal cameras were introduced into the consumer market, ized procedures and improved employee efficiency and
thereby significantly reducing price and as a result found productivity.
widespread use in the security industry. Simultaneously, Thepublicatlargehasacceptedtheuseofvideosystems
powerfulmicroprocessors,largeharddiskcomputermem- in most public facilities. Video is being applied to reduce
ory storage, and random access memory (RAM) became asset losses and increase corporate profits and bottom
available from the personal computer/laptop industry, line.Manycasehistoriesshowthataftertheinstallationof
therebyprovidingthecomputingpowernecessarytocon- video, shoplifting and employee thefts drop sharply. The
trol, view, record, and play back digital CCTV cameras in numberoftheftscannotbecountedexactlybutshrinkage
thesecuritysystem. canbemeasured.Ithasbeenshownthatvideoisaneffec-
The home run came with the availability and explosive tivepsychologicaldeterrenttocrimeandaneffectivetool
acceptance and use of the Internet (and intranet) as a forcriminalprosecution.
new means of long distance two-way communication of Theft is not only the unauthorized removal of valuable
voice,data,andmostimportantlyvideo.Foroveradecade propertybutalsotheremovalofinformation,suchascom-
thelongdistancetransmissionofvideowaslimitedtoslow putersoftware,CDs,magnetictapeanddisks,opticaldisks,
telephonetransmissionofvideoimages—snap-shots(slow- microfilm,andhardcopy.Videosurveillancesystemspro-
scan video). The use of dedicated high speed (expen- videameansforsuccessfullydeterringsuchthieveryand/or
sive)landlinesorexpensivesatellitecommunicationswas detectingorapprehendingoffenders.Theuseofvideopre-
limited to government and large-clientele users. Now the vents the destruction of property, vandalizing buildings,
Internetprovidesnear-live(nearreal-time)videotransmis- defacingelevatorinteriors,painting graffiti on art objects
sioncommunicationsoveraninexpensive,easilyaccessible and facilities, stealing computers, and demolishing furni-
worldwidetransmissionnetwork. tureorothervaluableequipment.Videooffersthegreatest
Theapplicationandintegrationofvideointosafetyand potential benefit when integrated with other sensing sys-
securitysystemshascomeofageasareliable,cost-effective tems and used to view remote areas. Video provides the
means for assessing and responding to terrorist attacks “eyes” for many security devices and functions such as:
andotherlife-threateningsituations.Videoisaneffective (1) fire sensors: smoke detector alarms, (2) watching for
means for deterring crimes and protecting assets and for presence (or absence) of personnel in an area, (3) evac-
apprehendingandprosecutingoffenders. uation of personnel—determining route for evacuation,
Securitypersonneltodayhavetheresponsibilityformul- access (emergency or intruder) to determine response,
tifaceted security and safety systems in which video often respond,andmonitorresponse.Whencombinedwithfire
playsthekeyrole.Withtoday’sincreasinglaborcostsand andsmokedetectors,CCTVcamerasininaccessibleareas
the need for each security officer to provide more func- canbeusedtogiveadvancewarningofafire.
tionality, video more than ever before is earning its place Video is the critical link in the overall security of a
asacost-effectivemeansforimprovingsecurityandsafety facilitybutorganizationsmustdevelopacompletesecurity
whilereducingsecuritybudgets. plan rather than adopt piecemeal protection measures.
Loss of assets and time due to theft is a growing can- Tooptimizeuseofvideotechnology,thepractitionerand
cer on our society that eats away at the profits of every end user must understand all of its aspects—from light
organizationorbusiness,beitgovernment,retail,service, sourcestovideomonitorsandrecorders.Thecapabilities
or manufacturing. The size of the organization makes no and limitations of video during daytime and nighttime
difference to the thief. The larger the organization, the operationmustalsobeunderstood.
morethetheftoccursandthegreatertheopportunityfor
losses. The more valuable the product, the greater the
temptationforathieftostealit.Aproperlydesignedand 1.1.2 Background
appliedvideosystemcanbeanextremelyprofitableinvest-
ment for an institution to cut losses. The prime objective Throughout history, humans have valued their own life
of the video system should not be the apprehension of and the lives of their loved ones above all else. Next
Video’sCriticalRoleintheSecurityPlan 3
in value has been their property. Over the centuries by consumers (lower manufacturing costs), and the avail-
many techniques have been developed to protect prop- ability of low-cost video cassette recorders (VCRs), digital
erty against invaders or aggressors threatening to take or video recorders (DVRs), and personal computer (PC)-
destroyit. basedequipment.
Inthepastasinthepresent,manufacturing,industrial, The 1990s saw the integration of computer technology
and government organizations have hired “watchmen” to withvideosecuritytechnology.Allcomponentsweresolid
protect their facilities. These private security personnel state. Digital video technology needed large-scale digital
wearing uniforms and using equipment much like the memories to manipulate and store video images and the
police do are hired to prevent crime and bodily harm, computerindustryhadthem.Toachievesatisfactoryvideo
anddeterorpreventtheftonthepremises.Theveryearly imagetransmissionandstorage,thevideosignalhadtobe
guard companies were Pinkerton’s and Burns. Contract “compressed” to transmit it over the existing narrowband
protection organizations were hired to safeguard their phonelinenetworks.Thevideo-computerindustryalready
had compression for broadcast, industrial, and govern-
employees and assets in emergency and personal threat
mentrequirements.Thevideoindustryneededafastand
situations.
low-cost means to transmit the video images to remote
Asignificantincreaseinguardusecamewiththestartof
locations and the US government’s Defense Advanced
WorldWarII.Manyguardswereemployedtosecureindus-
Research Projects Agency (DARPA) had already devel-
trial work sites manufacturing military equipment and
oped the Internet, the predecessor of the World Wide
doing classified work, and to guard government facilities.
Web (WWW). The Internet (and intranet) communica-
Private corporations obtained such protection through
tionschannelsandtheWWWnowprovidethisextraordi-
contractagenciestoguardclassifiedfacilitiesandwork.
nary worldwide ability to transmit and receive video and
In the early 1960s, as electronic technology advanced,
audio,andcommunicateandcontroldataanywhere.
alarm systems and video were introduced. Radio Corpo-
rationofAmerica(RCA),Motorola,andGeneralElectric
werethepioneeringcompaniesthatbeganmanufacturing
1.2 THEROLEOFVIDEOINASSETPROTECTION
vacuum-tube television cameras for the security industry.
Theuseofvideocamerasduringthe1960sand1970sgrew
Video provides multiple functions in the overall security
rapidly because of increased reliability, lower cost, and
plan.Itprovidesthefunctionofassetprotectionbymoni-
technologicalimprovementsinthetube-typecameratech-
toringlocationofassetsandactivityintheirlocation.Itis
nology. In the 1980s growth continued at a more modest
usedtodetectunwantedentryintoafacilitybeginningat
levelwithfurtherimprovementsinfunctionsandavailabil-
a perimeter location and following an unauthorized per-
ityofotheraccessoriesforvideosecuritysystems.
sonthroughoutafacility.Figure1-1showsatypicalsingle
The most significant advance in video technology dur-
site video system using either legacy analog or digital, or
ing the 1980s was the invention and introduction of the
acombinationofbothtechnologies.
solid-statevideocamera.Bytheearly1990sthesolid-state
In a perimeter protection role, video is used with
camera using the charged coupled device (CCD) image
intrusion-detection alarm devices as well as video motion
sensor was the choice for new security installations and
detection to alert the guard at the security console that
was rapidly replacing the tube cameras. In the past, the
an intrusion has occurred. If an intrusion occurs, multi-
camera—in particular, the vidicon tube sensor—was the
ple CCTV cameras located throughout the facility follow
criticalcomponentinthevideosystem.Thecameradeter-
the intruder so that there is a proper response by guard
minedtheoverallperformanceandqualityofvisualintel-
personnel or designated employees. Management must
ligence obtainable from the security system. The vidicon
determinewhetherspecificguardreactionisrequiredand
tube was the weakest link in the system and was sub-
whattheresponsewillbe.
ject to degradation with age and usage. The complexity
Video monitoring allows the guard to be more effec-
and variability of the image tube and its analog electri- tive,butitalsoimprovessecuritybypermittingthecamera
cal nature made it less reliable than the other solid-state scene to be transmitted to other control centers or per-
components. Performance varied considerably between sonnel.ThevideoimagecanbedocumentedwithaVCR,
different camera models and camera manufacturers, and DVR,and/orprintedoutonahardcopyvideoprinter.
as a function of temperature and age. By contrast, the Thevideosystemforthemultiplesiteapplicationisbest
solid-state CCD sensor and newer metal oxide semicon- implementedusingacombinationofanalog/digitaloran
ductor (MOS) and complimentary MOS (CMOS) sensor all-digitalsolution(Figure1-2).
cameras have long life and are stable over all operating Local site installations already using analog video cam-
conditions. Another factor in the explosive use of video eras, monitors, etc. can be retained and integrated with
in security systems has been the rapid improvement in newdigitalInternetProtocal(IP)cameras,localareanet-
equipment capability at affordable prices. This has been works (LANs), intranets, and the Internet to facilitate
the result of the widespread use of solid-state camcorders remote site video monitoring. The digital transmission
4 CCTVSurveillance
PERIMETER
SECURITY ROOM
PARKING LOT
CCTV MONITORS/RECORDERS
SURVEILLANCE
AUDIO COMMUNICATIONS
COMMAND AND CONTROL
LOADING DOCK
SURVEILLANCE
INTRUDER
PATH
LOBBY
SURVEILLANCE
G
FENCE LINE
PERIMETER
FACILITY PARKING LOT
ENTRANCE SURVEILLANCE
FIGURE1-1 Singlesitevideosecuritysystem
network provides two-way communications of audio and evidence for criminal prosecution. This ability to provide
controlsandexcellentvideoimagetransmissiontoremote a permanent record of evidence is of prime importance
sites. The digital signals can be encrypted to prevent topersonnelresponsibleforprovidingsecurity.
eavesdropping by unauthorized outside personnel. Using Prior to the mid-1990s the CCTV security industry pri-
a digital signal backbone allows adding additional cam- marilyusedmonochromesolid-statecameras.Inthe1990s
erastothenetworkorchangingtheirconfigurationinthe thewidespreaduseofcolorcamcordersinthevideocon-
system. sumermarketacceleratedtheavailabilityofthesereliable,
In the relatively short history of CCTV and video there stable, long-life cameras for the security industry. While
have been great innovations in the permanent record- monochrome cameras are still specified in low light level
ing of video images. These new technologies have been (LLL) and nighttime security applications, color is now
brought about by the consumer demand for video cam- the norm in most security applications. The increased
corders,thetelevisionbroadcastindustry,andgovernment sensitivity and resolution of color cameras and the signif-
requirements for military and aerospace hardware and icant decrease in cost of color cameras have resulted in
software. One result of these requirements was the devel- their widespread use. Many monochrome cameras being
opmentoftheVCRandDVR.Theabilitytorecordvideo usedforLLLapplicationsarebeingaugmentedwithactive
images provided the video security industry with a new infrared (IR) illuminators. Also coming into use is a new
dimension, i.e. going beyond real-time camera surveil- generation of passive monochrome thermal IR imaging
lance.TheavailabilityofVCRandDVRtechnologyresult- camerasthatdetectthedifferencesintemperatureofobjects
ing from the consumer market has made possible the in the scene, compared to the scene background. These
excellenttime-lapseVCRsandlargestoragePC-basedDVR camerasoperateintotaldarkness.Therehasalsobeenan
systems.Thesetechnologiesprovidepermanentdocumen- explosion in the use of covert video surveillance through
tationofthevideoimagesinanalog(magnetictape)and theuseofsmall,inexpensivecolorcameras.
digital (solid state and hard disk drive) storage media. The development of smaller solid-state cameras has
Theuseoftime-lapserecorders,computerharddisksand resultedinadecreaseinthesizeofancillaryvideoequip-
videoprintersgivemanagementthetoolstopresenthard ment. Camera lenses, dome cameras, housings, pan/tilt