Cause and Effects of Delay on Educational Building Projects in Addis Ababa University Case Study

263 Pages·2012·0.88 MB·English

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF LAW AND GOVERNANCE
CENTER FOR Federalism and governance STUDIES

Regional Autonomy of Policy-Making and Implementations in the
Ethiopian Federation: A Comparative Study on the Formulation
and Implementations of Urban Policy in the Amhara and SNNPR
States since 1991

By
TAMIRAT CHERU HAILU

A Dissertation Presented for the Requirement of
Doctoral Degree of Philosophy in Federalism and Governance Studies

Supervisors

Principal Supervisor Dr. Assefa Fiseha (Associate Professor)
Co- Supervisor Dr. Zemelak Ayele

April, 2018
AAU, Ethiopia.
1
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF LAW AND GOVERNANCE
CENTER FOR Federalism and governance STUDIES

Regional Autonomy of Policy-Making and Implementations in the
Ethiopian Federation: A Comparative Study on the Formulation
and Implementations of Urban Policy in the Amhara and SNNPR
States since 1991

By
TAMIRAT CHERU HAILU

A Dissertation Presented for the Requirement of
Doctoral Degree of Philosophy in Federalism and Governance Studies

Supervisors

Principal Supervisor Dr. Assefa Fiseha (Associate Professor)
&
Co- Supervisor Dr. Zemelak Ayele

April, 2018
AAU, Ethiopia.
2
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF LAW AND GOVERNANCE
CENTER FOR Federalism and governance STUDIES

Regional Autonomy of Policy-Making and Implementations in the
Ethiopian Federation: A Comparative Study on the Formulation
and Implementations of Urban Policy in the Amhara and SNNPR
States since 1991

By
TAMIRAT CHERU HAILU

A Dissertation Presented for the Requirement of
Doctoral Degree of Philosophy in Federalism and Governance Studies

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

SIGNATURE DATE

PRINCIPAL ADVISOR Dr. Assefa Fisseha ____________ ____________
CO- ADVISOR Dr. Zemelak Ayele ____________ _____________
EXTERNAL EXAMINER Prof, Nico Stylter _____________ ____________
INTERNAL EXAMINER Dr. Solomon Nigussie ____________ ____________
INTERNAL EXAMINER Dr. Seyoum Mesfin ____________ ___________

AAU, Ethiopia.
3
LIST OF CONTENTS PAGES
 List of Maps………………………………..vi
 List of Figures……………………………..vi
 List of Tables………………………………vi
 Acronyms & Abbreviations……………..vii
 Acknowledgement ………………………ix
 Abstract ……………………………………x
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………1
1.2. Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………………………5
1.2.1. General Objective…………………………………………………………………………5
1.2.2. Specific Objectives ………………………………………………………………………..5
1.3. Research Questions………………………………………………………………………..6
1.3.1. Main Question…………………………………………………………………………….6
1.3.2. Specific Questions………………………………………………………………………...6
1.4. Argument………………………………………………………………………………….7
1.5. Research Methods and Data Sources……………………………………………………...7
1.5.1. Primary Data Sources……………………………………………………………………..8
1.5.2. Secondary Data Sources………………………………………………………………......9
1.6. Data Collection Techniques……………………………………………………………....9
1.6.1. Structured and Semi- structured Interviews……………………………………………...9
1.6.2. Focus Group Discussion………………………………………………………………......9
1.6.3. Empirical Field Observations……………………………………………………………10
1.6.4. Document Analysis……………………………………………………………………....10
1.7. Sampling Techniques and Sample size………………………………………………….10
1.7.1. Sampling Method………………………………………………………………………..10
1.7.2. Sample Size………………………………………………………………………………11
1.8. Limitation of the Study…………………………………………………………………………...11
1.9. Scope of the study………………………………………………………………………………...12
1.10. Definition of Key Concepts and Terminologies………………………………………………….13
1.11. Significance of the Study ………………………………………………………………………...14
1.12. Analysis of Data…………………………………………………………………………………..15
1.13. Structure and Chapter Outline of the Study……………………………………………………..15
I
CHAPTER 2: SUB-NATIONAL AUTONOMY OF POLICY-MAKING AND IMPLMENTATIONS IN
FEDERATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 17
2.1. Federalism and Federation…………………………………………………………...18
2.2. Autonomy: Key Theoretical Concepts……………………………………………….20
2.3. Public Policy: Definition and Conceptual Approaches……………………………...22
2.3.1. Typologies of Policies………………………………………………………………...22
2.3.2. Notion of Policy-Making and Implementations…………………………………….23
2.3.3. The Role of Citizens in Policy-Making and Implementations………………………26
2.4. Division of Powers in Federation……………………………………………………28
2.5. Essential Institutional Mechanisms for Regional Autonomy………………………..31
2.6. Federalism and Its Impact on Policy-Making……………………………………….34
2.7. Sub-national Autonomy of Policy-Making and Implementations in Federations….36
2.7.1. Introduction to Policy-Making and Implementations in Federation……………….37
2.7.2. Sub-national Autonomy of Policy-Making in the American Federation…………...39
2.7.3. Sub-national Autonomy of Policy-Making in the Swiss Federation………………..43
2.7.4. Sub-national Autonomy of Policy-Making in the Indian Federation………………48
2.7.5. Sub-national Autonomy of Policy-Making in the Union of South Africa…………..52
2.7.6. Comparative Analysis………………………………………………………………..55
2.8. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...58
CHAPTER 3: DIVISION OF POWERS AND REGIONAL AUTONOMY IN THE ETHIOPIAN
FEDERATION ............................................................................................................................................. 59
3.1. Ethiopia : Brief Historical Overview……………………………………………………..59
3.2. Legal and Institutional Arrangement of the Ethiopian Federation……………………...63
3.2.1. The Charter as a prelude to Federalism and Regional Autonomy………………………63
3.2.2. Basic Features of the FDRE Constitution and the Federation……………………………65
3.2.3. Division of Competences in the FDRE Constitution……………………………………..69
3.3. Some Debates on the Practices of the Ethiopian Federation on Regional Autonomy of
Policy-making Perspectives……………………………………………………………...71
3.4. Developments in the Accommodation of Regional Interest in National Planning’s…...............75
3.4.1. Institutions and Development Plan Preparation Processes at the Federal Level………..............76
3.5. Post-1991 Urban Development Endeavors……………………………………………...................79
3.6. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………..84
II
CHAPTER 4. POLICY-MAKING AND IMPLMENTATIONS IN THE AMHARA REGION: A
PERSPECTVE ON URBAN POLICY-MAKING AND IMPLMENTATIONS ............................... 85
4.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...85
4.1.1. The Amhara Region in Brief…………………………………………………………85
4.1.2. Administrative and Institutional Structures………………………………………...87
4.2. Policy-Making in the ANRS……………………………………………………………...91
4.2.1. Policy Adoption Processes…………………………………………………………....92
4.2.2. Roles of the Executive and Legislative Organs in the Making of Urban Policy- Laws,
Regulations, Directives and Plans…………………………………………………...97
4.2.3. Some Best Urban Policy Experiences of the ANRS ………………………………...105
4.2.4. Urban Policy Programs Adopted within GTP II of the ANRS……………………....110
4.2.5. Factors that Affects the ANRS in the Adoption of Urban Policy Documents……....112
4.2.6. Roles of Citizens, CSOs and Other Stakeholders in Urban Policy-Making……….121
4.2.7. Institutional Mechanism for Citizens and Stakeholders Participation in Policy-
Making……………………………………………………………………………...126
4.3. Urban Policy-Implementations in the ANRS…………………………………………..129
4.3.1. The ANRS Legislative Organ and Its Role in Policy-Implementations……………129
4.3.2. The ANRS Executive Organ & Its Role in Policy-Implementations………………..130
4.3.3. Citizens, CSOs and Stakeholders Role in Policy-Implementations………………...132
4.3.4. Institutional Mechanism for Citizens, CSO’s and Stakeholders Participation in
Policy-Implementations……………………………………………………………133
4.4. Discourses of Accountability and Transparency Approaches in urban Policy-
Implementations………………………………………………………………………..134
4.5. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...135
CHAPTER 5: POLICY-MAKING AND IMPLMENTATIONS IN THE SNNPR: A PERSPECTIVE FROM
URBAN POLICY-MAKING AND IMPLMENTATIONS ................................................................ 137
5.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………137
5.1.1. The SNNPR in Brief……………………………………………………………………..137
5.1.2. Administrative and Institutional Structures …………………………………………...139
5.2. Policy-Making in the SNNPRS…………………………………………………………142
5.2.1. Policy Adoption Processes ……………………………………………………………...142
III
5.2.2. Roles of the Regional Executive and Legislative Organs in the Making of Urban Policy-
Laws, Regulations, Directives and Plans……………………………………………….147
5.2.3. Roles of the Council of Nationalities (Upper House) in Policy-Making………………155
5.2.4. Some Best Urban Policy Experiences of the SNNPRS…………………………………..155
5.2.5. Urban Policy Programs Adopted within GTP II of the SNNPRS…………………….......158
5.2.6. Factors that Affects the SNNPR in the Adoption of Urban Policy Documents………...161
5.2.7. Roles of Citizens, CSOs and other Stakeholders in Policy-Making …………………...168
5.2.8. Institutional Mechanisms for Citizens, CSO’s & Other Stakeholders Participation in
Urban Policy-Making………………………………………………………………….170
5.3. Urban Policy -Implementations in the SNNPRS………………………………………172
5.3.1. The SNNPR Executive Organ and Its Role in Policy-Implementations………………...173
5.3.2. Citizens, CSOs and other Stakeholders Role in Policy-Implementations……….............174
5.3.3. Institutional Mechanisms for Citizens, CSOs and Other Stakeholders Participation in
Urban Policy-Implementations………………………………………………………...175
5.4. The Status of Accountability and Transparency Approaches in Urban Policy-
Implementations………………………………………………………………………..176
5.5. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...177
CHAPTER 6: IMPLMENTATIONS OF HORIZONTAL URBANIZATION AND IMPACTS ON THE LAND
TENURE RIGHTS AND THE LIVELIHOOD OF PERI-URBAN HOUSEHOLDS: THE CASE OF
BAHIR-DAR AND HAWASSA CITIES ............................................................................................. 179
6.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………180
6.1.1. Land Tenure Rights in the pre and post-1991 Periods of Ethiopia…………………...180
6.2. Legal Frameworks for Land Expropriation and Compensation……………………….182
6.3. Horizontal Urbanization, Land Expropriation and the Impacts on the Livelihood of Peri-
urban Households……………………………………………………………………...184
6.3.1. The Post-1991 Horizontal Expansion of Bahir-Dar City……………………………...184
6.3.1.1. Some Positive Outcomes of the Growth of Bahir-Dar……………………………..186
6.3.1.2. Some Urban Governance Challenges in Bahir-Dar City…………………………..189
6.3.1.3. Horizontal Expansion of Bahir-Dar City, Land Expropriations and the Impacts on
the Land-Tenure Rights and the Socio-Economic Livelihoods of Peri-Urban
Households…………………………………………………………………………190
IV
6.3.2. Horizontal Expansion of Hawassa City and Its Socio-Economic Impact on the Peri-
Urban Communities……………………………………………………………………199
6.3.2.1. Post-1991 Horizontal Expansion of Hawasa City…………………………………199
6.3.2.2. Some Positive Impacts of the Post-1991 Growth of Hawassa……………………..201
6.3.2.3. Some Urban Governance Challenges in Hawassa City……………………………203
6.3.2.4. Land Expropriation and Its Impact on the Economic Livelihood of Peri-Urban
Hawassa Communities…………………………………………………………….204
6.4. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...208
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................... 211
7.1. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………211
7.1.1. Key Findings: Lessons to be Learned in a Comparative Perspective…………………...212
7.1.2. Regional Autonomy of Policy-Making: Constitutional Ground versus Actual
Operations……………………………………………………………………………...212
7.1.3. Some Common Facets among the Amhara and SNNPR States in Urban Policy-Making
and Implementations’…………………………………………………………………..213
7.1.4. Some Best Urban Policy Experiences of the Amhara and SNNPR States………………215
7.1.5. Some Existing Limitations in the Making and Implementations of Urban Policies in both
Regional States………………………………………………………………………….217
7.2. The Way Forward and Recommendations……………………………………………..217

References………………………………………………………………………………XI
Appendices………………………………………………………………………………XII

V
I) LIST OF MAPS
Map 1. The Political Map of the FDRE …………………………………………………………………............62
Map 2. The Political and Administrative Location of Regional States of the Ethiopian Federation………….64
Map 3. Political and Administrative Map of the Amhara National Regional State…………………………...86
Map 4 Political and Administrative Map of the SNNPR………………………………………………............138
Map 5. The Current Land-Use Map of Bahir-Dar City………………………………………………............186
Map 6. Administrative Map of Hawassa City ……………………………………………………………….200
Map 7. The Current Land-Use Map of Hawassa City…………………………………………………...........201

II) LIST OF FIGUIRES
Figure 1. Basic Elements of Public Participation in Decision-Making………………………………………28
Figure 2. Institutional and Organizational Structure of the ANRS Council at the regional level……………88
Figure 3. Organizational Structure of the Office of the chief-Administrator of the ANRS………………….90
Figure 4. Law and Policy-Making Processes in the ANRS Council…………………………………………...95
Figure 5. Institutional Organizations of the Office of the SNNPRS Council (Legislative Organ)…………..140
Figure 6. Institutional Organization of the Office of the chief-Administrator of the SNNPR………………141
Figure 7. Law and Policy-Making Processes in the SNNPR State Council………………………………….146

III) LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Major Stakeholders of the ‘Trade, Industry and Urban Development Affairs Standing-
Committee’ of the ANRS’s Council ………………………………………………………...128
Table 2. Major stakeholders of the ‘Urban Development Affairs Coordinating Committee’ of the
SNNPR’s State Council…………………………………………………………………171
Table 3. Major Infrastructure Attained by Bahir-Dar City Administration in between the years
2013/14 till the Mid -Year of 2016/17…………………………………………….
Table 4. Major Infrastructure Achieved by Hawassa City Administration in between 2009/10-
2014/15…………………………………………………………………………………202

VI
ACRONYMS AND ABRIVATIONS

ADLI…………………Agricultural Development-Lead Industrialization
ANDM………………Amhara National Democratic Movement
ANDP…………………Afar National Democratic Party
ANRC…………………Amhara National Region’s Council
ANRS…………………Amhara National Regional State
Art……………………Article
BPDUF………………Benishangul-Gumuz Peoples Democratic Unity Front
CCBS……………….Council’s Capacity Building Strategies
CGC…………………Cantonal Government Conference
Con…………………Constitution
CoN…………………Council of Nationalities
CSA………………….Central Statistics Authority
CSO’s……………….Civil Society Organizations
EPRDF……………….Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front
EPRDM………………Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Movement
EPRP………………….Eritrean People’s Revolutionary Party
FGD…………………...Focus Group Discussion
GTP……………………Growth and Transformation Plan
HNL……………………Harari National League
HoF……………………House of Federation
HoPR…………………House of Peoples Representatives
ICG……………………International Crisis Group
VII