Table Of Content

C (cid:52)(cid:72)(cid:52)(cid:70)(cid:56)(cid:67)(cid:61)(cid:52)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:15)(cid:49)(cid:62)(cid:62)(cid:58)(cid:66)(cid:15) (cid:52)(cid:72)(cid:52)(cid:70)(cid:56)(cid:67)(cid:61)(cid:52)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:15)(cid:49)(cid:62)(cid:62)(cid:58)(cid:66)(cid:15) (cid:21) L (cid:21) I P - (cid:52) A (cid:72) R (cid:52) T (cid:70) C D (cid:56) (cid:67) (cid:61) (cid:52) (cid:66) (cid:66) (cid:15) (cid:49) (cid:62) (cid:62) (cid:58) (cid:66) Eyewitness CASTLE Retainer’s badge with mulberry- tree emblem Walrus- ivory gaming counters Stone corbel showing lady wearing wimple Bronze strainer or skimmer Bone comb German bronze aquamanile or water jug Medieval leather shoes Boar badge of retainer of Richard III Eyewitness C A S T L E Medieval Medieval peasant musician playing dressed for work in hornpipe the fields Written by CHRISTOPHER GRAVETT Photographed by GEOFF DANN Ceramic tiles from Tring, England English pendant Italian silver belonging to medallion with arms castle retainer DK Publishing of Cresci family 15th-century silver-gilt spoon Walrus- ivory counter Late 14th- showing century burial scene table knife LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, and DELHI Project editor Phil Wilkinson Art editor Jane Tetzlaff Managing editor Simon Adams Managing art editor Julia Harris Research Céline Carez Picture research Kathy Lockley Production Catherine Semark Additional Photography Geoff Brightling, Torla Evans of the Museum of London, Nick Goodall, Allan Hills, Janet Murray of the British Museum, Tim Ridley, and Dave Rudkin THIS EDITION Editors Lorrie Mack, Sue Nicholson, Victoria Heywood-Dunne, Marianne Petrou Art editors Rebecca Johns, David Ball Managing editors Andrew Macintyre, Camilla Hallinan Managing art editors Jane Thomas, Martin Wilson Production editors Siu Yin Ho, Andy Hilliard Production controllers Jenny Jacoby, Pip Tinsley Dk picture library Sean Hunter, Rose Horridge, Myriam Megharbi, Emma Shepherd Early 14th- Stone figure U.S. editorial Beth Hester, Beth Sutinis century silver- of St. George U.S. design & DTP Dirk Kaufman, Milos Orlovic gilt belt mount U.S. production Chris Avgherinos This Eyewitness ® Guide has been conceived by Dorling Kindersley Limited and Editions Gallimard This edition published in the United States in 2004, 2008 by DK Publishing, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Copyright © 1994, 2004, 2008 Dorling Kindersley Limited 08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12th-century ED634 – 01/08 candlestick All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. from northern No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, in a retrieval system, or transmitted Germany in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7566-3769-9 (HC) 978-0-7566-0659-6 (Library Binding) Color reproduction by Colourscan, Singapore Printed and bound by Leo Paper Products Ltd., China Discover more at Earthenware ram’s-head jug Contents 6 What is a castle? 8 The first castles 10 The great tower Flemish 15th- century covered 12 wooden bowl (or mazer) Concentric castles 14 Castles on the Loire 16 46 Castles in Spain Women and children 18 48 Castles in Germany The lord 22 50 The chapel Fabrics and textiles 24 52 Laying a siege In the fields 26 54 Men and missiles Animals in the castle 28 56 Tricks of defense The castle builders 30 58 The garrison The woodworkers 32 60 The castle as prison Metalwork 34 62 Crusader castles Castles in decline 36 64 Castles in Japan Did you know? 38 66 The great hall Who’s who? 40 68 The kitchen Find out more 42 70 At the table Glossary 44 72 The entertainers Index What is a castle? M any of the great fortifications of the Middle Ages are still standing today, often dominating the surrounding countryside. Why were they originally built and who lived in them? A castle was the fortified private residence of a lord. The lord could be a king or a lesser baron, but in either case the TALL TOWERS castle was a home as well as a stronghold. A mark San Gimignano, Italy, is an extreme example of what happened when rival of lordship, it was safe against the cavalry charge of families clashed. Here 72 tall castles knights—so safe that it could withstand a continuous assault or siege were built in the same town, of which 14 survive today. by an enemy. A castle was also a community, with many staff: the constable or castellan looked after the buildings OLD AND NEW Castle walls or buildings were often and defenses; the marshal was in charge of replaced, to make repairs or to build in new defensive features. the horses, garrison, and outside servants; At Falaise, France, the castle was the chamberlain oversaw food and given a square tower by Henry I in the 12th century and a drink; and the steward ran the round one by King Philip estates and finances. Augustus in the early 13th century. ANCESTOR At Mycenae, Greece, a strong fortified palace was built in about 1250 BCE. The Natural rocky Lion Gate guards the entrance. Such a outcrop provides state-run building is not a true castle, even base for castle though it has large stone fortifications. IRON AGE The large earthworks at Maiden Castle, England, are actually the remains of a Celtic palisaded settlement built on a New Stone Age site. It was thus more like a fortified town than a castle. It was captured by the Romans. 6 MASTER SYMBOL OF POWER This early 14th-century As well as being a home, the castle was a symbol picture shows a king of power. Caernarfon in north Wales, begun instructing a master mason, together with a walled town in 1283, who was in charge of the was one of a series of castles built castle’s construction. He by Edward I of England in order carries a set square. Some to overawe the people kings built numerous of Wales. castles but only lived in them occasionally. Main stone tower on top of mound Inner curtain wall TURKISH TOWERS Van Castle in Turkey was begun in 850 CE. During the Middle Ages it was repaired by the Seljuk and Ottoman Turks, and was later lived in by Armenian Christians. Steep crag makes castle difficult MEETING PLACE to attack Castles were often the scenes of important meetings about state affairs. This picture shows the meeting of Richard II and his uncle the Duke of Gloucester that took place at Pleshey Castle. 7 The first castles T he earliest castles appeared in the 9th and 10th centuries, when the empire created by Charlemagne in modern France, Germany, and North Italy was collapsing as a result of raids by peoples such as Vikings and Magyars. Lords built castles for protection and as bases for their soldiers. Most of these castles were built of earth and timber. The simplest was the ringwork: an enclosure surrounded by a ditch with an earth rampart inside it. A strong timber fence (or palisade) was built on top of the rampart. In the BUILDING A MOTTE 11th century, motte and bailey castles became The Bayeux Tapestry, probably made between 1066 and 1086, shows a motte being built at Hastings, England, by popular. An earth mound (or motte) was built the Normans. The motte is being made of rammed layers next to a yard (or bailey). of soil, although no evidence of this method has been found in the real motte at Hastings. LAST REMAINS A motte with two baileys was built at Yelden, Thatched England, probably soon after the Norman roof conquest. The ditches were fed by a local stream. Often a grassy mound like this is all that remains of an early castle. Hall Stables Timber Courtyard palisade or bailey Lifting bridge