Carrier Modulation in Graphene and ITS Applications

227 Pages·2021·4.15 MB·English

by  Arun Kumar Singh (editor)

Carrier Modulation
in Graphene
and Its Applications

Carrier Modulation

in Graphene

and Its Applications

edited by

Arun Kumar Singh
June10,2021 13:16 JSPBook-9inx6in 00-Carrier-Modulation-Prelims
Published by
JennyStanfordPublishingPte.Ltd.
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Carrier Modulation in Graphene and Its Applications
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ISBN978-981-4877-60-2(Hardcover)
ISBN978-1-003-16028-1(eBook)
June10,2021 13:16 JSPBook-9inx6in 00-Carrier-Modulation-Prelims
Dedicated to

my

Family

June10,2021 13:16 JSPBook-9inx6in 00-Carrier-Modulation-Prelims
Contents
Preface xi

1 Introduction and Properties of Graphene Nanosheets 1

Rajiv Kumar Pandey, Arun Kumar Singh, Rajiv Prakash, and
Chuan-Pu Liu
1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 DiscoveryofGrapheneandExistenceof2D

Materials 4

1.3 BandStructureofGraphene 5

1.4 VersatilePropertiesofGraphene 8

1.4.1 ChargeTransportInvestigationofGraphene 9

1.4.1.1 Modulationofchargecarrierdensity

viagatevoltage 9

1.4.1.2 QuantumHalleffect 11

1.4.1.3 Kleintunnelingandbandgap

opening 13

1.4.2 OpticalProperty:RamanSpectroscopyof

Graphene 15

1.4.3 ChemicalPropertiesofGraphene 17

1.4.4 CovalentFunctionalizationofGraphene 18

1.4.5 Non-covalentFunctionalizationofGraphene 20

1.4.6 MechanicalPropertiesofGraphene 22

1.4.6.1 Elasticpropertiesandintrinsic

strength 22

1.4.7 ThermalPropertiesofGraphene 23

1.4.8 TransparencyofGraphene 25

1.5 Conclusions 26
June10,2021 13:16 JSPBook-9inx6in 00-Carrier-Modulation-Prelims
viii Contents
2 Synthesis of Two-Dimensional (2D) Graphene 35

Neha Jain, Praveen K. Litoriya, Khalid Bin Masood,
Sanjay Pathak, Arun Kumar Singh, and Jai Singh
2.1 Introduction 36

2.2 CrystalStructure 36

2.3 SynthesisofGraphene 39

2.3.1 Top-DownMethods 39

2.3.1.1 Chemicalvapordeposition 41

2.3.1.2 Epitaxialgrowth 43

2.3.1.3 Mechanicalcompression 44

2.3.1.4 Exfoliationmethod 46

2.3.1.5 Nanolithography 48

2.3.2 Bottom-UpApproach 51

2.3.2.1 Organicligand-assistedgrowth 51

2.3.2.2 Ionsandmoleculesassistedsynthesis 52

2.3.2.3 Template-assistedgrowth 54

2.3.2.4 Polyolmethod 58

2.3.2.5 Seededgrowth 62

2.3.2.6 Photochemicalsynthesis 67

2.3.2.7 Hydro-/solvothermalmethods 69

2.3.2.8 Biologicalsynthesis 72

2.4 ConclusionandPerspective 74

3 Potential Applications of Graphene 83

Shaista Andleeb and Arun Kumar Singh
3.1 Introduction 83

3.2 ApplicationsofGraphene 84

3.2.1 ElectronicsDevices 85

3.2.1.1 Diodes 85

3.2.1.2 Transistors 91

3.2.1.3 Photodetector 94

3.2.2 TransparentConductingElectrodes 99

3.2.2.1 Flexibleandstretchableelectronics 99

3.2.2.2 Solarcell 102

3.2.3 Sensors 106

3.2.3.1 Gassensor 106

3.2.3.2 Biosensor 111

3.2.4 SupercapacitorsandFuelCells 115
June10,2021 13:16 JSPBook-9inx6in 00-Carrier-Modulation-Prelims
Contents ix
3.2.5 GrapheneQuantumDotsandNanocomposites 119

3.3 ConclusionandProspective 122

4 Carrier Modulation in Graphene 129

Shaista Andleeb and Arun Kumar Singh
4.1 Introduction 129

4.2 DopingApproachesonNanostructureDevices 131

4.3 ChargeCarrierModulationinGraphene 134

4.3.1 ElectrostaticFieldTuning 135

4.3.2 HeteroatomDoping 137

4.3.3 ChemicalDoping 140

4.3.3.1 Self-assembledmonolayer(SAM) 149

4.3.3.2 Absorptionofgasmolecules 151

4.3.3.3 Nanoparticlesdopingongraphene 155

4.3.4 ElectrochemicalDoping 157

4.4 ConclusionandProspective 160

5 Applications of Doped Graphene 167

Shaista Andleeb and Arun Kumar Singh
5.1 Introduction 167

5.2 SomeApplicationsofDopedGraphene 168

5.2.1 Supercapacitor 168

5.2.2 Field-EffectTransistors 173

5.2.3 FuelCell 179

5.2.4 TransparentConductingElectrodes 180

5.2.4.1 Lightemittingdiodes 181

5.2.4.2 Flexibleandstretchableelectrodes 183

5.2.5 SolarCell 184

5.2.6 Sensors 188

5.2.6.1 Electrochemicalsensors 188

5.2.6.2 Gassensor 190

5.2.7 GrapheneQuantumDots 194

5.3 ConclusionandPerspective 198

Index 207