Carrier Ethernet: Providing the Need for Speed

226 Pages·2008·6.31 MB·English

by  Gilbert Held

CARRIER
ETHERNET
Providing�the
Need�for�Speed
AU6039.indb 1 2/13/08 9:19:35 AM
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CARRIER
ETHERNET
Providing�the
Need�for�Speed
GILBERT HELD
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
AN AUERBACH BOOK
AU6039.indb 3 2/13/08 9:19:35 AM
Auerbach Publications
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Auerbach is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number‑13: 978‑1‑4200‑6039‑3 (Hardcover)
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Held, Gilbert, 1943‑
Carrier Ethernet : providing the need for speed / Gilbert Held.
p. cm.
ISBN 978‑1‑4200‑6039‑3 (hardback : alk. paper)
1. Ethernet (Local area network system) 2. Metropolitan area networks
(Computer networks) I. Title.
TK5105.8.E83H448 2008
004.6’8‑‑dc22 2007049111
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Dedication
One of the advantages associated with living in a small town for almost 30 years
is the commute to work. After having lived in New York City and the suburbs of
Washington, D.C., moving to Macon, Georgia, provided me with over ten hours
per week of additional time that I could devote to writing manuscripts and pre-
paring presentations. Over the past 30 years that I have lived in Macon, I was
fortunate to be able to teach over a thousand graduate students locally and perhaps
ten thousand or more students who came to various seminars I taught through-
out the United States, Europe, Israel, and South America. Many of those students
were highly inquisitive and their questions resulted in a mental exercise for this old
professor as well as second, third, and even fourth editions of some of the books I
authored. In recognition of the students who made teaching truly enjoyable, this
book is dedicated.

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Contents
Preface............................................................................................................xv
Acknowledgments........................................................................................xvii
About.the.Author..........................................................................................xix
1 Introduction.to.Carrier.Ethernet............................................................1
Defining Carrier Ethernet ............................................................................1
Overview .................................................................................................2
Rationale .................................................................................................2
Expanded Use of Ethernet LANs ........................................................2
Frame Compatibility ..........................................................................3
Low Cost ............................................................................................3
High Network Access Speeds .............................................................4
Mass Market for Technology ..............................................................4
Business Continuity ............................................................................4
Enabling Technologies .................................................................................5
Copper and Fiber Infrastructure .............................................................5
ADSL .................................................................................................6
ADSL2 and ADSL2+ .........................................................................6
SHDSL ...............................................................................................8
VDSL .................................................................................................8
VPNs ......................................................................................................9
Types of VPNs ....................................................................................9
Protocols .............................................................................................9
Service Provider Provisioned VPNs ..................................................10
VLANs .................................................................................................11
Broadcast Domain Reduction ...........................................................12
Facilitate Subnet Creation .................................................................12
Reduce Hardware Requirements.......................................................13
Traffic Control ..................................................................................13
Types of VLANs ...............................................................................13
ii
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iii  n  Contents
MPLS ....................................................................................................13
Overview ..........................................................................................14
Architecture ......................................................................................14
Operation .........................................................................................14
Applications ...............................................................................................17
Interconnecting Distributed Offices ......................................................17
Providing Real-Time Backup ................................................................17
Voice, Video, and Data Support ............................................................17
Challenges to Carrier Ethernet ..................................................................18
Total Cost of Operation ........................................................................18
Packet Overhead ...................................................................................18
Management and Troubleshooting ........................................................19
Reliability ..............................................................................................19
Security .................................................................................................20
QoS .......................................................................................................20
2 Data.Networking.Concepts...................................................................21
Transport Technologies ..............................................................................21
LANs ....................................................................................................22
WANs ...................................................................................................22
Characteristics ..................................................................................23
Wireless ............................................................................................23
Data Protocols ...........................................................................................25
Ethernet ................................................................................................25
Evolution ..........................................................................................25
IEEE Involvement ............................................................................26
Network Interfaces ....................................................................................29
Network Equipment ..................................................................................29
Network Interface Cards .......................................................................30
Hubs .....................................................................................................30
Operation .........................................................................................31
Passive versus Intelligent Hubs ..........................................................31
Switches ................................................................................................32
Operation .........................................................................................32
Advantages .......................................................................................32
Evolution ..........................................................................................33
Routers ..................................................................................................33
Operation ........................................................................................34
Advantages ......................................................................................34
Capabilities ......................................................................................34
Firewall .................................................................................................35
Placement .........................................................................................35
Operation .........................................................................................36
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Contents  n  ix
VPN Appliances ....................................................................................36
Operation .........................................................................................36
Advantages .......................................................................................37
Combining Functions .......................................................................37
Network Facilities ......................................................................................37
T1 .........................................................................................................37
The DSO Time Slot ..........................................................................38
T-Carrier Hierarchy ..........................................................................38
Channelized versus Non-Channelized ..............................................38
SONET.................................................................................................39
Optical Carrier Levels .......................................................................39
Framing ............................................................................................41
Utilization ........................................................................................43
3 The.Flavors.of.Ethernet.........................................................................45
Metcalfe’s Original Design ........................................................................45
Bus-Based Network Structure ..............................................................46
The DIX Standard ................................................................................46
DIX Version 2.0 ..............................................................................46
IEEE 802.3 Standardization ......................................................................48
Division of Effort ..................................................................................48
Physical Layer Effort .........................................................................48
Network Layer Effort ........................................................................51
Data Link Layer ................................................................................51
IEEE Changes from DIX ......................................................................53
802.3 Frame Format .........................................................................53
Sub-Network Access Protocol ...............................................................54
The CSMA/CD Protocol ......................................................................54
Frame Size .............................................................................................54
Early Ethernet ............................................................................................55
The 10 Mbps Ethernet Family ...............................................................55
10BASE-5 .........................................................................................55
10BASE-2 .........................................................................................56
10BROAD-36 ..................................................................................56
10BASE-T ........................................................................................56
Network Characteristics ...................................................................59
5-4-3 Rule ........................................................................................59
FOIRL and 10BASE-F .....................................................................59
Fast Ethernet ............................................................................................60
100BASE-T ..........................................................................................60
Layer Subdivision ............................................................................60
100BASE-TX ........................................................................................62
Network Configuration ....................................................................63
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