Carbon Nanotubes: Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (Nanomaterials and their Applications)

316 Pages·2010·9.57 MB·English

by  Arvind Agarwal

Carbon
Nanotubes
Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites
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Nanomaterials and Their Applications
Series Editor: M. Meyyappan
Carbon Nanotubes
Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites
Arvind Agarwal, Srinivasa Rao Bakshi, Debrupa Lahiri
Inorganic Nanoparticles
Synthesis, Applications, and Perspectives
Edited by Claudia Altavilla, Enrico Ciliberto
Nanorobotics
An Introduction
Lixin Dong, Bradley J. Nelson
Graphene
Synthesis and Applications
Wonbong Choi, Jo-won Lee
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Nanomaterials and Their Applications
Arvind Agarwal
Florida International University
Miami, USA
Srinivasa Rao Bakshi
Florida International University
Miami, USA
Debrupa Lahiri
Florida International University
Miami, USA
Boca Raton London New York
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Contents
Foreword .................................................................................................................xi
Preface ...................................................................................................................xiii
Authors ................................................................................................................xvii
List of Abbreviations ..........................................................................................xix
1. Introduction .....................................................................................................1
1.1 Composite Materials .............................................................................1
1.2 Development of Carbon Fibers ...........................................................3
1.3 Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis and Properties ..................................4
1.4 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Matrix Composites ...................................8
1.5 Chapter Highlights .............................................................................12
References .......................................................................................................13
2. Processing Techniques ................................................................................17
2.1 Powder Metallurgy Routes ................................................................18
2.1.1 Conventional Sintering .........................................................20
2.1.2 Hot Pressing ...........................................................................21
2.1.3 Spark Plasma Sintering .........................................................23
2.1.4 Deformation Processing ........................................................26
2.2 Melt Processing ...................................................................................30
2.2.1 Casting .....................................................................................30
2.2.2 Melt Infiltration ......................................................................33
2.3 Thermal Spraying ...............................................................................35
2.3.1 Plasma Spraying .....................................................................36
2.3.2 High Velocity Oxy-Fuel Spraying ........................................41
2.3.3 Cold Spraying .........................................................................43
2.4 Electrochemical Routes ......................................................................47
2.5 Novel Techniques ................................................................................52
2.5.1 Molecular Level Mixing ........................................................52
2.5.2 Sputtering................................................................................54
2.5.3 Sandwich Processing .............................................................54
2.5.4 Torsion/Friction Processing .................................................56
2.5.5 Chemical/Physical Vapor Deposition Techniques ...........57
2.5.6 Nanoscale Dispersion ............................................................58
2.5.7 Laser Deposition ....................................................................59
2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................60
2.7 Chapter Highlights .............................................................................60
References .......................................................................................................61
vii
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viii Contents
3. Characterization of Metal Matrix-Carbon Nanotube
Composites .....................................................................................................71
3.1 X-Ray Diffraction ................................................................................71
3.2 Raman Spectroscopy ..........................................................................72
3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy
Dispersive Spectroscopy ....................................................................75
3.4 High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy ....................76
3.5 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy .................................................78
3.6 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy ...................................................79
3.7 Mechanical Properties Evaluation ....................................................79
3.7.1 Nanoscale Mechanical Testing ............................................80
3.7.1.1 Nano-Indentation ...................................................80
3.7.1.2 Nano Dynamic Modulus Analysis ......................83
3.7.1.3 Modulus Mapping..................................................84
3.7.1.4 Nanoscratch ............................................................85
3.7.2 Macroscale/Bulk Mechanical Testing.................................88
3.7.2.1 Tensile/Compression Test .....................................88
3.7.2.2 Tribological Property Evaluation .........................89
3.8 Thermal Properties .............................................................................90
3.9 Electrical Properties ............................................................................92
3.10 Electrochemical Properties ................................................................93
3.11 Chapter Highlights .............................................................................96
References .......................................................................................................97
4. Metal-Carbon Nanotube Systems ...........................................................101
4.1 Aluminum-Carbon Nanotube System ...........................................102
4.2 Copper-Carbon Nanotube System .................................................116
4.3 Nickel-Carbon Nanotube System ...................................................129
4.4 Magnesium-Carbon Nanotube System .........................................140
4.5 Other Metals-Carbon Nanotube Systems .....................................145
4.6 Chapter Highlights ...........................................................................156
References .....................................................................................................156
5. Mechanics of Metal-Carbon Nanotube Systems .................................169
5.1 Elastic Modulus of Metal Matrix-Carbon
Nanotube Composites ......................................................................170
5.1.1 Modified Rule of Mixtures .................................................172
5.1.2 Cox Model .............................................................................174
5.1.3 Halpin-Tsai Model ...............................................................174
5.1.4 Hashin-Shtrikman Model ...................................................175
5.1.5 Modified Eshelby Model .....................................................176
5.1.6 Dispersion-Based Model .....................................................176
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Contents ix
5.2 Strengthening Mechanisms in Metal Matrix-Carbon
Nanotube Composites ......................................................................181
5.2.1 Shear Lag Models .................................................................185
5.2.2 Strengthening by Interphase..............................................188
5.2.3 Strengthening by Carbon Nanotube Clusters .................188
5.2.4 Halpin-Tsai Equations .........................................................191
5.2.5 Strengthening by Dislocations ...........................................193
5.2.6 Strengthening by Grain Refinement .................................195
5.3 Chapter Highlights ...........................................................................199
References .....................................................................................................199
6. Interfacial Phenomena in Carbon Nanotube Reinforced
Metal Matrix Composites .........................................................................203
6.1 Significance of Interfacial Phenomena ...........................................203
6.2 Energetics of Carbon Nanotube-Metal Interaction ......................206
6.3 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Interaction in Various Systems ...........209
6.4 Chapter Highlights ...........................................................................218
References .....................................................................................................218
7. Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Metal Matrix .............................223
7.1 Significance of Carbon Nanotube Dispersion ..............................223
7.2 Methods of Improving Carbon Nanotube Dispersion ................224
7.3 Quantification of Carbon Nanotube Dispersion ..........................230
7.4 Chapter Highlights ...........................................................................237
References .....................................................................................................238
8 Electrical, Thermal, Chemical, Hydrogen Storage,
and Tribological Properties ......................................................................241
8.1 Electrical Properties ..........................................................................241
8.2 Thermal Properties ...........................................................................245
8.3 Corrosion Properties .........................................................................250
8.4 Hydrogen Storage Property .............................................................252
8.5 Sensors and Catalytic Properties ....................................................254
8.6 Tribological Properties .....................................................................255
8.7 Chapter Highlights ...........................................................................260
References .....................................................................................................261
9 Computational Studies in Metal Matrix-Carbon
Nanotube Composites ...............................................................................267
9.1 Thermodynamic Prediction of Carbon
Nanotube-Metal Interface ................................................................270
9.2 Microstructure Simulation ..............................................................272
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