Carbon Nanotube Enhanced Aerospace Composite Materials: A New Generation of Multifunctional Hybrid Structural Composites

380 Pages·2013·9.75 MB·English

by  A. S. Paipetis

Carbon Nanotube Enhanced Aerospace
Composite Materials
SOLID MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Volume 188
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A.S. Paipetis (cid:129) V. Kostopoulos
Editors
Carbon Nanotube Enhanced
Aerospace Composite
Materials
A New Generation of Multifunctional Hybrid
Structural Composites
Editors
A.S.Paipetis V.Kostopoulos
MaterialsScienceandEngineering MechanicalEngineeringandAeronautics
UniversityofIoannina UniversityofPatras
Ioannina,Greece Patras,Greece
ISSN0925-0042
ISBN978-94-007-4245-1 ISBN978-94-007-4246-8(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-4246-8
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012948001
#SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2013
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Preface
The well-documented increase in the use of high performance composites as
structural materials in aerospace components is continuously raising demands on
manufacturers in terms of dynamic performance, structural integrity, reliable life
monitoringsystemsandadaptiveactuatingabilities.Currenttechnologiesarenow
addressing the above issues separately; material property tailoring and custom
designpracticesarebeingaimedatenhancementofdynamicanddamagetolerance
characteristics;atthesametime,lifemonitoringandactuationisbeingperformed
withembeddedsensors/actuatorsthatmayprovetobedetrimentaltothestructural
integrityofcomponents.
Thiscontributedvolumefocusesoncurrentresearchontheuniqueproperties
of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as an additive in the matrix of Fibre-Reinforced
Plastics (FRPs), for producing structural composites with improved mechanical
performance as well as sensing/actuating capabilities. The development of new
generation composites using CNTs as an additional phase within the matrix is
expected to result in enhancement of the damping properties of materials,
increased fracture toughness and extension of their individual fatigue life. This
is expected to occur due to the multiplicity of energy dispersive mechanisms
withinmaterials.Atthesametime,thepercolatedCNTnetworkwithinacompos-
iteisexpected(1)tobestrainsensitiveand(2)closelyrelatedtointernaldamage
mechanismswithinthematerial,providingthusasensingandlife-assessmenttool
throughout the service life of the material. The electromechanical response of
CNTs may also provide a field for the design of actuating systems comprised of
CNT structures of varying degrees of anisotropy that will be incorporated in
the composite. Additionally, dependence of the Raman shift on the local stress
ofCNTscanprovideuniqueinsightsintostressfieldsatnanoscalelevelandtheir
interactionwiththemacroscale.
The successful combination of CNT properties and existing sensing actuating
technologieshasledtorealizationofamultifunctionalFRPstructure.Thecurrent
volumepresentsthestateoftheartresearchinthefield.Thecontributionscoverkey
v
vi Preface
aspects of novel composite systems, i.e. modeling from nanoscale to macroscale,
enhancementofstructuralefficiency,dispersionandmanufacturing,integralhealth
monitoringabilities, Raman monitoring,anddurability,aswellasthe capabilities
that ordered carbon nanotube arrays offer in terms of sensing and/or actuating in
aerospacecomposites.
June2011 AlkisS.PaipetisandVassilisKostopoulos
Contents
1 CarbonNanotubesforNovelHybridStructuralComposites
withEnhancedDamageToleranceandSelf-Sensing/Actuating
Abilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
A.S.PaipetisandV.Kostopoulos
2 OntheUseofElectricalConductivityfortheAssessment
ofDamageinCarbonNanotubesEnhancedAerospace
Composites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
AntoniosI.VavouliotisandVassilisKostopoulos
3 CarbonNanotubeStructureswithSensingandActuating
Capabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
C.Jaillet,N.D.Alexopoulos,andP.Poulin
4 MechanicalDispersionMethodsforCarbonNanotubes
inAerospaceCompositeMatrixSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
SergiyGrishchukandRalfSchledjewski
5 ChemicalFunctionalizationofCarbonNanotubesforDispersion
inEpoxyMatrices. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 155
DimitriosJ.Giliopoulos,KostasS.Triantafyllidis,and
DimitriosGournis
6 StressInducedChangesintheRamanSpectrumofCarbon
NanostructuresandTheirComposites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
A.S.Paipetis
vii
viii Contents
7 MechanicalandElectricalResponseModelsofCarbon
Nanotubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
T.C.TheodosiouandD.A.Saravanos
8 ImprovedDamageTolerancePropertiesofAerospaceStructures
bytheAdditionofCarbonNanotubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
PetrosKarapappasandPanayotaTsotra
9 EnvironmentalDegradationofCarbonNanotubeHybrid
AerospaceComposites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Nektaria-MarianthiBarkoula
Chapter 1
Carbon Nanotubes for Novel Hybrid Structural
Composites with Enhanced Damage Tolerance
and Self-Sensing/Actuating Abilities
A.S.PaipetisandV.Kostopoulos
Contents
1.1 Introduction................................................................................. 2
1.2 NovelCompositeSystemsforStructuralEnhancement.................................. 4
1.3 NovelCompositeSystemsforStructuralHealthMonitoring............................. 6
1.4 TheRoadmaptoAdvancedHybridCompositeSystems................................. 11
References........................................................................................ 16
Abstract Damagetolerance, reliability,andsensing/actuating abilitiesare within
the forefront of research for aerospace composite materials and structures. The
scopeofthischapteristoidentifythepotentialapplicationofincorporatingcarbon
nanotubes(CNTs)innovelhybridmaterialsystems.CNTsmaybeemployedasan
additive in the matrix of Fibre Reinforced Plastics (FRP) for producing structural
composites with improved mechanical performance as well as sensing/actuating
capabilities.Thenovelmulti-scalereinforcedcompositematerialsarebydefinition
multifunctionalasthey combine betterstructuralperformancewith smart features
thatmayincludestrainmonitoring,damagesensingandevenactuationcapabilities.
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the concepts and technologies
relatedtothehierarchicalcompositesystemsthatwillbeelaboratedinthefollow-
ing chapters, i.e. modelling, enhancement of structural efficiency, dispersion and
manufacturing, integral health monitoring abilities, Raman monitoring, as well as
thecapabilitiesthatorderedcarbonnanotubearraysofferintermsofsensingand/or
actuatinginaerospacecomposites.
A.S.Paipetis(*)
DepartmentofMaterialsEngineering,UniversityofIoannina,45110Ioannina,Greece
e-mail:[email protected]
V.Kostopoulos
AppliedMechanicsLaboratory,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringandAeronautics,
UniversityofPatras,26500Patras,Greece
e-mail:[email protected]
A.S.PaipetisandV.Kostopoulos(eds.),CarbonNanotubeEnhanced 1
AerospaceCompositeMaterials,SolidMechanicsandItsApplications188,
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-4246-8_1,#SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2013
2 A.S.PaipetisandV.Kostopoulos
Keywords Aerospace composite materials • Multifunctional materials • Carbon
nanotubes•Damagetolerance•Structuralhealthmonitoring
1.1 Introduction
Currentaerospacetechnologyismorethaneverfocusingonstretchingtheproperties
ofadvancedmaterialstowardstheirlimits.Advancedaerospacecompositematerials
havereached excellentspecific properties. A route towardsfurther exploitingadva-
ncedstructuralmaterialisbyusingenablingtechnologiesforadditionalfunctionalities,
without compromising structural integrity. In the past few years, novel materials
such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and related technologies have posed a strong
candidacyforprovidinganintegratedapproachtowardsenhancedstructuralintegrity
andmultifunctionality.
CNTspossessexcellentpropertiesintermsofstiffness,strength,andconductiv-
ity,andtheyhaveexhibitedpromisingpropertiesintermsofactuation.Inprinciple,
CNTsmaybeemployedfortherealizationofanewgenerationofnano-reinforced
composite systems which could potentially replace “conventional composites” in
aerospace and other applications. However, being a nano-scale reinforcement,
CNTs lack the typical advantages of fibres or of reinforcement at the micron
scale, in that they cannot be easily “tailored” to benefit most of their properties
byinducingacontrolledanisotropyinthestructure.
Tothisend,theconceptof“hybrid”ormulti-scalecompositehasbeendeveloped
(Fig. 1.1). Novel hybrid or hierarchical composite systems may benefit from the
advantagesoftraditionalstructuralcompositesand,atthesametime,gaininproper-
ties and functionalities for the incorporation of CNTs as additives in their matrix
(BaurandSilverman2007).InordertobenefitfromtheuseofCNTsinconventional
fibrouscomposites,threedifferentlevelsofcomplexitymaybeapplied.
1. Nano-Augmentation,meaningthatbyrandomlyandhomogeneouslydispersing
CNTs into the matrix material, and following the already used manufacturing
routes,improvedmultifunctionalcompositesmayberealised.
2. Nano-Engineering,meaningthatbyusingorganizedCNTstructures,suchas1D
in fibre form, 2D in the form of bucky papers or aligned CNTs in plane form
or3DintheformofCNTforestsorotherspecialstructuresandintroducingthem
inthecompositelaminate,improvementofsomecharacteristicsoftheirmech-
anical performance as well as additional functionalities can be introduced into
conventionallaminates.
3. Nano-Design,meaningthatstartingfromthemultifunctionalperformanceenve-
lope of the composite and having available the entire span of numerical tools
fromthemoleculardynamicuptomacro-scalemulti-physics,wemaydesignan
appropriatemulti-scalehybridcompositeinordertoservethespecific applica-
tionneeds.
Thepossibilitiesofferedbythehierarchicalapproachmaybesummarizedinthe
followingtwoprinciples;(i)reinforcementatthenanoscalewillenhancethestructural