Carbon Nanomaterials (Advanced Materials and Technologies) PDF
Preview Carbon Nanomaterials (Advanced Materials and Technologies)
CARBON NANOMATERIALS © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Advanced Materials Series Series Editor: Yury Gogotsi, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA series includes: Carbon Nanomaterials Yury Gogotsi Nanotubes and Nanofibers Yury Gogotsi © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CARBON NANOMATERIALS Edited By Yury Gogotsi Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Boca Raton London New York CRC is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC This material was previously published in the Nanomaterials Handbook © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-9386-8 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-9386-0 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2006012298 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Carbon nanomaterials / Yury Gogotsi, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-9386-8 (978-0-8493-9386-0 : alk. paper) 1. Nanostructured materials. 2. Carbon. I. Gogotsi, IU. G., 1961- TA418.9.N35C34 2006 620’.5--dc22 2006012298 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC 93©8 62_0D06is bcyl. iTnadydl o r1 and Francis Group, LLC 5/5/06 5:07:20 PM CRC_9386_FM.qxd 5/13/2006 12:30 PM Page v This book is dedicated to my children, Pavel and Natalie, who have always served as a source of my inspiration. © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC_9386_FM.qxd 5/13/2006 12:30 PM Page vii Preface Nanomaterials,which are materials with structural units on a nanometer scale in at least one direc- tion, is the fastest growing area in materials science and engineering. Material properties become different on the nanoscale:for example,the theoretical strength of materials can be reached or quan- tum effects may appear. Carbon is as important for nanotechnology as silicon is for electronics,and certainly carbon nanomaterials deserve a separate book. I realized the need for such a book when I started to offer a graduate course on nanostructured carbon materials at Drexel University. I have taught it three times since 2002,and had to use handouts because Hugh O. Pierson's Handbook of Carbon, Graphite, Diamond and Fullerenes provides only a basic coverage of traditional carbon materials and its fullerene chapter is short and dated. While separate books have been written on carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, there is no single volume covering all nanostructured carbons, such as nanodiamonds,fullerenes,nanotubes,nanofibers,cones,and whiskers. Carbon nanotubes, whiskers, and nanofibers are not only excellent tools for studying one- dimensional phenomena,but they are also among the most important and promising nanomaterials and nanostructures. The role of nanomaterials in industries is growing. Nanofibers are already used for insulation and reinforcement of composites, and many materials and structures incorporating nanotubes are under development. Extensions to conical and rod-like or wire-like structures provide the scope for new discoveries and novel applications. We may find ourselves in the carbon age within less than a decade. This book describes a large variety of carbon nanomaterials, including fullerenes, nanotubes, whiskers,cones,and nanodiamonds. They include the hardest material known (diamond) and some of the softest (graphite and fullerene crystals). There are semiconductors,metals,and dielectrics among carbons; moreover, the band gap of semiconducting nanotubes can be tuned by changing the tube diameter. Carbons can be transparent or opaque,and their surfaces may be passive (basal planes of graphite) or chemically active (edge planes of graphite). Thus,virtually any combination of mechan- ical, electrical, or chemical properties can be achieved by using carbon and controlling its structure and surface chemistry. Some of the more conventional and well known carbon nanomaterials,such as soot, carbon black, or intercalated graphite, have not been included in this book. Carbon nanotubes (Chapters 2 and 3) receive special attention in this book,because they have been receiving more atten- tion than any other nanomaterials. Sumio Iijima's discovery of carbon nanotubes in 1991 stimulated the development of the whole nanotechnology field. A dramatic progress in synthesis and purifica- tion of nanotubes has been achieved and many applications are emerging. After carbon,many other materials have been produced in the tubular shape with nanometer diameters. Designed specifically to provide an overview of carbon nanomaterials for today's scientists, graduate students, and engineering professionals; this book will treat the subject using the terms familiar to a materials scientist or engineer. The book consists of nine chapters selected from the recently published Nanomaterials Handbook and written by the leading researchers in the field. Providing coverage of the latest material developments in the United States,Asia, and Europe, it describes both commercially available and emerging materials. While this book is written as a ref- erence book for specialists working in the field, it also provides a sufficiently broad coverage of all carbon nanomaterials and can be used as a textbook for teaching a graduate course on carbon nanomaterials. © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC_9386_FM.qxd 5/13/2006 12:30 PM Page viii Finally,I would like to acknowledge all the people who have helped make this book possible. My family was very patient and understanding,and my students and post-docs did a great job allow- ing me to concentrate on the book project. My research on carbon nanomaterials was funded over the past decade by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), Department of Energy (DOE), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) via the Office of Naval Research (ONR), and private corporations. The staff of Taylor & Francis helped immensely in preparing this volume for publication. Yury Gogotsi Philadelphia,PA © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC_9386_FM.qxd 5/13/2006 12:30 PM Page ix Editor Dr. Yury Gogotsi is professor of materials science and engineering at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He also holds appointments in the Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering at Drexel University and serves as director of the A.J. Drexel Nanotechnology Institute and associate dean of the College of Engineering. He received his M.S. (1984) and Ph.D. (1986) degrees from Kiev Polytechnic and a D.Sc. degree from the Institute of Materials Science, Ukrainian Academy of Science, in 1995. His research group works on carbon nanotubes, nanoporous carbide-derived carbons, and nanofluidics. He has also contributed to the areas of structural ceramics, corrosion of ceramic materials, and pressure-induced phase transfor- mations,creating a new research field called high pressure surface science and engineering. He has coauthored 2 books, edited 9 books, obtained more than 20 patents, and authored about 200 jour- nal papers and 12 book chapters. He has advised a large number of M.S.,Ph.D.,and post-doctoral students at Drexel University and University of Illinois at Chicago. Gogotsi has received several awards for his research,including I.N. Frantsevich Prize from the Ukrainian Academy of Science, S. Somiya Award from the International Union of Materials Research Societies, G.C. Kuczynski Prize from the International Institute for the Science of Sintering, and Roland B. Snow Award from the American Ceramic Society (twice). He has been elected a fellow of the American Ceramic Society,academician of the World Academy of Ceramics, and full member of the International Institute for the Science of Sintering. © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC_9386_FM.qxd 5/13/2006 12:30 PM Page xi Contributors François Béguin Gary McGuire Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée International Technology Center CNRS-Université Research Triangle Park,North Carolina Orléans,France Alexi Nikitin J.D. Carey Department of Materials Science and Advanced Technology Institute Engineering University of Surrey Drexel University Guildford,United Kingdom Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Svetlana Dimovski Maurizio Prato Department of Materials Science and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche Engineering Università degli Studi di Trieste Drexel University Trieste,Italy Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Eduard G. Rakov Fangming Du D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Technology Engineering Moscow,Russia University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Olga Shenderova International Technology Center John E. Fischer Research Triangle Park,North Carolina Department of Materials Science and Engineering S.R.P. Silva University of Pennsylvania Advanced Technology Institute Philadelphia,Pennsylvania University of Surrey Guildford,United Kingdom Elzbieta Frackowiak Institute of Chemistry and Technical Nikos Tagmatarchis Electrochemistry Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche Poznan´ University of Technology Università degli Studi di Trieste Poznan´,Poland Trieste,Italy Yury Gogotsi Karen I. Winey Department of Materials Science and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Engineering Drexel University University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Gleb Yushin Aurelio Mateo-Alonso Department of Materials Science and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche Engineering Università degli Studi di Trieste Drexel University Trieste,Italy Philadelphia,Pennsylvania © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC_9386_FM.qxd 5/13/2006 12:30 PM Page xiii Table of Contents Chapter 1 Fullerenes and Their Derivatives..................................................................................1 Aurelio Mateo-Alonso,Nikos Tagmatarchis,and Maurizio Prato Chapter 2 Carbon Nanotubes:Structure and Properties..............................................................41 John E. Fischer Chapter 3 Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes................................................................................77 Eduard G. Rakov Chapter 4 Graphite Whiskers,Cones,and Polyhedral Crystals................................................149 Svetlana Dimovski and Yury Gogotsi Chapter 5 Nanocrystalline Diamond.........................................................................................175 Olga Shenderova and Gary McGuire Chapter 6 Carbide-Derived Carbon...........................................................................................211 Gleb Yushin,Alexi Nikitin,and Yury Gogotsi Chapter 7 Nanotubes in Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites.........................................255 Fangming Du and Karen I. Winey Chapter 8 Nanostructured Materials for Field Emission Devices.............................................275 J.D. Carey and S.R.P. Silva Chapter 9 Nanotextured Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage....................................295 François Béguin and Elzbieta Frackowiak © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
The list of books you might like
