Table Of Content

Carbon Dots Next-generation materials for biomedical applications Carbon Dots Next-generation materials for biomedical applications Edited by Ravindra Pratap Singh Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Madhya Pradesh, India Raju Khan CSIR–Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, India and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India Jay Singh Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India Kshitij RB Singh Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK ªIOPPublishingLtd2022 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher,orasexpresslypermittedbylawor undertermsagreedwiththeappropriaterightsorganization.Multiplecopyingispermittedin accordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,theCopyright ClearanceCentreandotherreproductionrightsorganizations. PermissiontomakeuseofIOPPublishingcontentotherthanassetoutabovemaybesought [email protected]. RavindraPratapSingh,RajuKhan,JaySinghandKshitijRBSinghhaveassertedtheirrighttobe identifiedastheeditorsofthisworkinaccordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. ISBN 978-0-7503-4641-2(ebook) ISBN 978-0-7503-4639-9(print) ISBN 978-0-7503-4642-9(myPrint) ISBN 978-0-7503-4640-5(mobi) DOI 10.1088/978-0-7503-4641-2 Version:20220901 IOPebooks BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData:Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable fromtheBritishLibrary. PublishedbyIOPPublishing,whollyownedbyTheInstituteofPhysics,London IOPPublishing,TempleCircus,TempleWay,Bristol,BS16HG,UK USOffice:IOPPublishing,Inc.,190NorthIndependenceMallWest,Suite601,Philadelphia, PA19106,USA To those who care, conserve, and protect but do not spoil / destroy the beauty and unique characteristics of Kshit (Earth), Jal (Water), Pawak (Fire), Gagan (Sky), and Sameera (Air) Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Editors’ biographies xvi List of contributors xix 1 Carbon dots: an overview of their future uses in the 1-1 biomedical domain Kshitij RB Singh, Vanya Nayak, Jay Singh, Raju Khan and Ravindra Pratap Singh 1.1 Introduction 1-1 1.2 Applications of carbon dots in the biomedical domain 1-3 1.2.1 Uses of carbon dots as anti-inflammatory agents 1-3 1.2.2 Uses of carbon dots in the fabrication of biosensors 1-4 1.2.3 Detection of biomolecules using carbon dots 1-5 1.2.4 Uses of carbon dots in bioimaging 1-6 1.2.5 Carbon dots as cancer theranostic agents 1-7 1.2.6 Carbon dots for gene and drug delivery 1-9 1.2.7 The use of carbon dots to combat various pathogens 1-9 1.2.8 Uses of carbon dots in tissue engineering 1-11 1.2.9 Biosafety and bioregulation of carbon dots 1-12 1.3 Conclusions 1-12 Acknowledgments 1-13 References and further reading 1-13 2 Carbon dots as a potent anti-inflammatory agent 2-1 Mohd Abubakar Sadique, Shalu Yadav, Pushpesh Ranjan, Raju Khan, Jay Singh and Ravindra Pratap Singh 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Synthesis and properties of carbon dots 2-3 2.2.1 Techniques used to synthesize carbon dots 2-3 2.2.2 Properties of carbon dots 2-5 2.3 Carbon dots as biomedical nanomaterials 2-7 2.3.1 Therapeutics/drug delivery 2-7 2.3.2 Bioimaging 2-8 2.3.3 Biosensing 2-8 2.3.4 Antimicrobial 2-8 vii CarbonDots 2.3.5 Anti-aging 2-8 2.3.6 Anti-inflammatory 2-9 2.4 Biocompatibility of carbon dots 2-10 2.4.1 In vitro studies 2-10 2.4.2 In vivo studies 2-12 2.5 Basics and types of anti-inflammatory agents 2-13 2.6 Potential use of carbon dots as anti-inflammatory agents 2-15 2.7 Advantages and challenges associated with carbon dots in 2-16 medical applications 2.8 Advances of carbon dots in biomedical applications 2-17 2.9 Conclusions 2-19 Conflicts of interest 2-20 Acknowledgments 2-20 References 2-20 3 Carbon dots for the fabrication of biosensors 3-1 ShaluYadav,MohdAbubakarSadique,PushpeshRanjan,NSathishandRajuKhan 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Synthesis and properties of carbon dots 3-4 3.2.1 Top-down approaches 3-4 3.2.2 Bottom-up approaches 3-5 3.2.3 Unique properties of carbon dots 3-7 3.3 Fabrication of carbon-dot-based biosensors 3-9 3.3.1 Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors 3-9 3.3.2 Electrochemical biosensors 3-12 3.3.3 Optical biosensors 3-12 3.4 Potential use of carbon dots in various point-of-care biosensors 3-18 3.5 Challenges and future perspectives 3-20 3.6 Conclusions 3-21 Declaration of interests 3-22 Acknowledgments 3-22 References 3-22 4 The uses of carbon dots in biomolecule detection 4-1 Ravi Prakash Behere, Neelam Gupta, Rajlaxmi and Biplab Kumar Kuila 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Detection mechanisms 4-2 4.2.1 Fluorescence-based detection mechanisms 4-2 4.2.2 Electrochemical detection mechanisms 4-4 viii CarbonDots 4.3 Fluorescence-based detection of biomolecules 4-7 4.3.1 Glucose 4-7 4.3.2 Vitamins 4-8 4.3.3 Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNS and ROS) 4-9 4.3.4 Proteins 4-9 4.3.5 Nucleic acids 4-10 4.3.6 Other biomolecules 4-10 4.3.7 Metal ions 4-12 4.3.8 Anions 4-12 4.4 Electrochemical detection 4-13 4.4.1 Monoamine neurotransmitters 4-13 4.4.2 Glucose and hydrogen peroxide (H O ) 4-15 2 2 4.4.3 Nucleic acid detection 4-16 4.4.4 Detection of other biomolecules 4-17 4.5 Conclusions and prospects 4-18 Acknowledgments 4-19 References 4-19 5 Potentialities of carbon dots for bioimaging applications 5-1 Ritika Khatri and Nitin K Puri 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Various synthesis routes for CDs 5-3 5.3 The biocompatibility and biotoxicity of CDs used in bioimaging 5-4 applications 5.4 Applications of CDs in bioimaging 5-5 5.5 The optical and biological properties of CDs used in bioimaging 5-7 applications 5.5.1 The optical properties of CDs 5-7 5.5.2 Biological properties of CDs 5-8 5.6 Tailoring the properties of CDs for bioimaging applications 5-8 5.6.1 Two categories of doped CDs 5-9 5.6.2 Surface-functionalized CDs 5-9 5.6.3 Nanocomposites of CDs 5-10 5.6.4 Naturally driven CDs 5-10 5.7 The advantages and disadvantages of CDs in bioimaging applications 5-11 5.8 Future prospects of the use of CDs in biomedical imaging 5-12 5.9 Conclusions 5-12 Acknowledgments 5-12 References 5-13 ix