Carbon Dioxide Reduction through Advanced Conversion and Utilization Technologies

325 Pages·2019·53.345 MB·English

by  Wang, Jianchen, Yu, Bo, Zhang, Jiujun, Zheng, Yun

Carbon Dioxide Reduction
through Advanced
Conversion and Utilization
Technologies
K34880_Title Page.indd 1 03/01/19 6:32:47 AM
Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion
Series Editor: Jiujun Zhang
National Research Council Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
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https://www.crcpress.com/Electrochemical-Energy-Storage-and-Conversion/book-series/
CRCELEENESTO
Carbon Dioxide Reduction
through Advanced
Conversion and Utilization
Technologies
Yun Zheng
Bo Yu
Jianchen Wang
Jiujun Zhang
K34880_Title Page.indd 2 03/01/19 6:32:58 AM
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-09529-8 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize
to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material
has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval
system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the
CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Zheng, Yun (Chemical engineer), author.
Title: Carbon dioxide reduction through advanced conversion and utilization
technologies / Yun Zheng, Bo Yu, Jianchen Wang, Jiujun Zhang.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2019. | Series:
Electrochemical energy storage and conversion | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018057440| ISBN 9781138095298 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781315104171 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Carbon dioxide--Separation. | Electrolytic reduction. |
Carbon dioxide--Recycling.
Classification: LCC TP244.C1 Z44 2019 | DDC 660.028/6--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018057440
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................xi
CRC Press Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................xiii
Taylor & Francis Group Authors .....................................................................................................................xv
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
Chapter 1 Introduction to CO Reduction through Advanced Conversion
© 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 2
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business and Utilization Technologies ................................................................1
No claim to original U.S. Government works 1.1 Globe Energy Status, Challenges, and Perspectives ...................1
1.2 CO Emission and Reducing .......................................................2
Printed on acid-free paper 2
1.3 Main Approaches of CO Conversion and Utilization ................4
2
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-09529-8 (Hardback) References ............................................................................................6
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
Chapter 2 Fundamentals of CO Structure, Thermodynamics, and Kinetics .......9
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers 2
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize
2.1 Molecular Structure of CO ........................................................9
to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material 2
has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. 2.2 Thermodynamics of CO ............................................................9
2
2.3 Kinetics of CO Conversion ......................................................14
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, 2
2.4 Summary ...................................................................................16
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval References ..........................................................................................16
system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. Chapter 3 Enzymatic and Mineralized Conversion Process of CO
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood 2
Conversion ......................................................................................19
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the
3.1 Enzymatic Conversion of CO ..................................................19
CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. 2
3.2 Mineralization Process of CO Conversion ..............................22
2
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are 3.3 Summary ...................................................................................26
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
References ..........................................................................................27
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Chapter 4 Thermochemical and Photochemical/Photoelectrochemical
Names: Zheng, Yun (Chemical engineer), author.
Conversion Process of CO Conversion .............................................31
Title: Carbon dioxide reduction through advanced conversion and utilization 2
technologies / Yun Zheng, Bo Yu, Jianchen Wang, Jiujun Zhang.
4.1 Thermochemical Process of CO Conversion ...........................31
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2019. | Series: 2
Electrochemical energy storage and conversion | Includes bibliographical 4.1.1 CO Hydrogenation to CH OH .....................................31
2 3
references and index. 4.1.2 CO Hydrogenation to HCOOH ....................................33
Identifiers: LCCN 2018057440| ISBN 9781138095298 (hardback : alk. paper) | 2
4.1.3 CO (Dry) Reforming of Methane (DRM) ...................35
ISBN 9781315104171 (ebook) 2
Subjects: LCSH: Carbon dioxide--Separation. | Electrolytic reduction. | 4.2 Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Processes of
Carbon dioxide--Recycling. CO Conversion .........................................................................38
Classification: LCC TP244.C1 Z44 2019 | DDC 660.028/6--dc23 2
4.3 Summary ...................................................................................42
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018057440
References ..........................................................................................42
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
v
vi Contents
Chapter 5 Low-Temperature Electrochemical Process of CO Conversion ........49
2
5.1 Brief Introduction to the Electrochemical Process of
CO  Conversion .........................................................................49
2
5.2 Thermodynamics of Low-Temperature Electrochemical
Process ......................................................................................49
5.3 Electrolyzer Used in Low-Temperature Electrochemical
Process ......................................................................................51
5.4 Catalyst/Electrode Used in Low-Temperature
Electrochemical Process ...........................................................51
5.5 Summary and Outlook ..............................................................55
References ..........................................................................................55
Chapter 6 High-Temperature Electrochemical Process of CO Conversion
2
with SOCs 1: Introduction and Fundamentals ...................................57
6.1 Introduction of Solid Oxide Cells (SOCs) .................................57
6.2 Fundamentals of High-Temperature CO Conversion
2
through Electrochemical Approaches .......................................58
6.2.1 Thermodynamics of High-Temperature CO /H O
2 2
Co-electrolysis ...............................................................58
6.2.2 Kinetics of High-Temperature CO /H O
2 2
Co-electrolysis ...............................................................62
6.2.3 C omparisons between Water Electrolysis, CO
2
Electrolysis, and H O/CO Co-electrolysis ...................64
2 2
6.2.4 Key Material Selection and Components of SOCs .......64
6.3 Summary ...................................................................................67
References ..........................................................................................67
Chapter 7 High-Temperature Electrochemical Process of CO Conversion
2
with SOCs 2: Research Status ............................................................71
7.1 Brief History .............................................................................71
7.2 Research Status of HTCE with SOC in the United States ........74
7.3 HTCE Research towards Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels
in Europe ...................................................................................86
7.4 Research Status of HTCE with SOC in China .........................98
7.5 Summary .................................................................................103
References ........................................................................................103
Chapter 8 High-Temperature Electrochemical Process of CO Conversion
2
with SOCs 3: Key Materials .............................................................113
8.1 Materials and Microstructures of Electrodes ..........................113
8.2 Fuel Electrode Materials .........................................................114
8.3 Oxygen Electrode Materials ...................................................119
Contents vii
8.3.1 Reaction Mechanism of Oxygen Electrode
Process .....................................................................119
8.3.2 Mixed Ionic and Electronic Materials ......................120
8.3.2.1 Perovskites (ABO ) ................................120
3±δ
8.3.2.2 Double Perovskites (AA′BO ) ...............122
2 6−δ
8.3.2.3 Ruddlesden-Popper (A BO ) ..................124
2 4+δ
8.3.3 Main Issues of the Oxygen Electrode ......................127
8.4 Electrolyte ............................................................................128
8.5 Interconnect Materials .........................................................129
8.6 Cell Sealing Materials ..........................................................130
8.7 Summary ..............................................................................131
References .......................................................................................132
Chapter 9 High-Temperature Electrochemical Process of CO  Conversion
2
with SOCs 4: Measurement, Characterization, and Simulation .....139
9.1 Electrochemical Measurement .............................................139
9.2 Microstructure Characterization ..........................................141
9.2.1 SEM, TEM, and STEM ............................................141
9.2.2 FIB-SEM and XCT ..................................................142
9.2.3 STM/STS and AFM .................................................144
9.3 Surface Analysis ..................................................................145
9.4 Simulation and Calculation Method ....................................148
9.5 Product Analysis ..................................................................149
9.6 Summary ..............................................................................150
References .......................................................................................150
Chapter 10 High-Temperature Electrochemical Process of CO  Conversion
2
with SOCs 5: Advanced Fabrication Methods (Infiltration and
Freeze Casting) ...............................................................................155
10.1 Infiltration for Nano-Structured
Ln1−xSrxMO3−δ (Ln=La, Sm; B=Mn, Co, Fe) SOC
Electrode ..............................................................................155
10.1.1 Introduction of Infiltration Used in SOCs ..............155
10.1.2 Process of Infiltration .............................................156
10.1.3 Infiltration with Various Ln Sr MO SOC
1−x x 3−δ
Electrodes ...............................................................157
10.1.3.1 LSM-YSZ Electrode ...............................157
10.1.3.2 LSC-YSZ Electrode ...............................160
10.1.3.3 LSF-YSZ Electrode ................................161
10.1.3.4 LSCF-YSZ Electrode .............................163
10.1.3.5 SSC-Infiltrated Electrodes .....................164
10.1.3.6 Comparison of Infiltrated Electrodes’
Performance ...........................................165
10.1.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects..........................167
viii Contents
10.2 An Electrolyte-Electrode Interface Structure with
Directional Micro-Channel Fabricated by Freeze Casting ....167
10.2.1 Freeze Casting Technology Used in SOCs ............167
10.2.2 The Process and Critical Factors of Freeze
Casting Technology ................................................168
10.2.2.1 The Process of Freeze Casting ...............168
10.2.2.2 Effect of Critical Factors on
Morphologies .........................................169
10.2.3 Summary and Perspectives ....................................175
References ........................................................................................177
Chapter 11 High-Temperature Electrochemical Process of CO Conversion
2
with SOCs 6: Advanced Structure (Heterostructure) .......................187
11.1 Brief Introduction for Heterostructure .................................187
11.2 Heterostructure of ABO/A BO in SOCs ...........................189
3 2 4
11.3 Mechanism of ORR/OER in ABO/A BO Heterostructure ...192
3 2 4
11.3.1 Electronic Structure ...............................................192
11.3.2 Anisotropy ..............................................................194
11.3.3 Lattice Strain (or the Mismatch in Lattice
Parameter) ..............................................................194
11.3.4 Cation Inter-diffusion .............................................195
11.4 Current Challenges for ABO/A BO Heterostructure ........196
3 2 4
11.4.1 Barriers to Accurately Detecting the
Performance of a Heterointerface ..........................197
11.4.2 Invisibility of Heterointerface and its Unclear
Mechanism .............................................................197
11.4.3 The Gap Between Theoretical Investigation and
Practical Application ..............................................198
References ........................................................................................198
Chapter 12 High-Temperature Electrochemical Process of CO  Conversion
2
with SOCs 7: The Significant Phenomenon of Cation Segregation ......203
12.1 Introduction of Cation Segregation in Perovskite-Based
SOC Electrodes ....................................................................203
12.2 Characterization of Surface Segregation .............................204
12.2.1 Low-Energy Ion Scattering ....................................205
12.2.2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy and Scanning
Electron Microscope ..............................................207
12.2.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy ........................209
12.2.4 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy .........210
12.2.5 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy ........................211
12.2.6 Atomic Force Microscope and Scanning
Tunneling Microscope ............................................211
Contents ix
12.2.7 X-Ray Diffraction ...................................................214
12.2.8 State-of-the-Art Characterization Methods for
Surface Segregation ................................................215
12.2.8.1 In Situ XPS ............................................215
12.2.8.2 Environmental Transmission
Electron Microscopy ..............................216
12.2.8.3 In Situ SIMS ..........................................217
12.2.8.4 Resonant Soft X-Ray Reflectivity
and Resonant Anomalous X-Ray
Reflectivity .............................................218
12.2.8.5 Raman Spectroscopy and In Situ
Raman Spectroscopy .............................218
12.2.8.6 In Situ X-Ray Fluorescence ...................219
12.3 Factors Influencing Segregation Level in Perovskite-
Based Oxides .......................................................................221
12.3.1 The Effect of Cation Non-Stoichiometry ...............221
12.3.2 The Effect of the Cation Species ............................223
12.3.3 The Effect of Crystallinity .....................................224
12.3.4 The Effect of Lattice Strain ....................................225
12.3.5 The Effect of Temperature and Thermal History ....225
12.3.6 The Effect of Atmosphere ......................................227
12.3.7 The Effect of Electrical Polarization ......................228
12.4 Influences of Cation Segregation on Electrochemical
Activity of SOC Electrodes .................................................229
12.4.1 Influence of Sr Segregation ....................................230
12.4.1.1 Mechanism 1: Blocking Effects .............231
12.4.1.2 Mechanism 2: Inducing Detrimental
Side Reactions ........................................234
12.4.1.3 Mechanism 3: Generating Active
Phases .....................................................235
12.4.2 A-Site Segregation on Sr-Free Electrode
Materials ..............................................................236
12.4.3 Influence of B-Site Segregation..............................238
12.5 S urface Engineering Promotes ORR/OER Activity for
Perovskite Electrodes ...........................................................239
12.5.1 Surface Decoration with Alkaline Earth Metal
Oxides .....................................................................240
12.5.2 Surface Decoration of Transition Metal Cations ........240
12.5.3 Surface Decoration by Secondary Perovskite-
Based Phase ............................................................242
12.5.4 Surface Decoration by Less Activated Phase .........245
12.6 Conclusion and Outlook .......................................................246
References .......................................................................................247