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Carbon-based Nanomaterials and Hybrids: Synthesis, Properties, and Commercial Applications PDF

216 Pages·2014·26.088 MB·English
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In recent decades nanotechnology has developed into a highly multidisciplinary topic, C drawing from a number of fields such as physics, materials science, biomedicine, and a edited by r different engineering disciplines. The success of nanoscience- and nanotechnology-related b research and products is connected with the technological exploitation of size effects in o Hans-Jörg Fecht | Kai Brühne | Peter Gluche n structures and materials and is, therefore, related to its impact on the society of the future. - b This most recent trend has been taken up here and represents the main focus of this a s book applied to carbon-based materials, including nanocrystalline diamond, aerogels, e and carbon nanotubes. The book compiles and details cutting-edge research, and several d Carbon-based applications are described within the field of energy, microelectronics, and biomedicine. N Beyond that, a perspective is given including a diversity of industrial applications and a market opportunities for C-based nanoscale materials and devices in the future. n o m nanomaterials a t Hans-Jörg Fecht is director of the Institute of Micro and Nanomaterials, e r which he founded in 1997 at the University of Ulm, Germany. Prof. Fecht i a has held professorships at the University of Augsburg, Technical University l Berlin, and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany and is chaired s and Hybrids professor at the University of Ulm since 1997. He is guest professor at a n several universities in China, India, and Japan. As an expert in the field of d materials science, materials engineering, and nanotechnology, he received H the prestigious G. F. Leibniz award in 1998 and has coauthored more than y 400 technical papers and coorganized several international conferences b Synthesis, Properties, and Commercial Applications and workshops. He is a longstanding member of several international r i advisory boards and the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, Salzburg, d Austria. s Kai Brühne is a senior researcher at the Institute of Micro and Nanomaterials, University of Ulm, Germany. Dr.-Ing. Brühne’s present research interests include the deposition and analysis of nanocrystalline diamond films grown by hot-filament chemical vapor depositions (CVDs). He won the “VDI Preis für Innovative Werkstoffanwendungen 2004” together with Prof. Hans-Jörg F e Fecht and Dr.-Ing. Peter Gluche. c h t | B r Peter Gluche is managing director of GFD (Gesellschaft für Diamant- ü h produkte mbH), Ulm, Germany, and CEO of the Swiss subsidiary Diamaze n e Microtechnology SA (DMT), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland. He studied | G microelectronics and received a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the l u University of Ulm. Dr.-Ing. Gluche is a founding member of GFD, which c h is a spin-off from the University of Ulm and the DaimlerChrysler Research e Centre, Ulm. He is author and coauthor of various scientific publications and book chapters in the fields of electrical engineering and materials science. V291 ISBN 978-981-4316-85-9 CARBON-BASED NANOMATERIALS AND HYBRIDS Oxide Nanostructures Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy — Volume 2 CARBON-BASED NANOMATERIALS AND HYBRIDS Synthesis, Properties, and Commercial Applications editors edited by Preben Maegaard Hans-Jörg Fecht | Kai Brühne | Peter Gluche Anna Krenz Wolfgang Palz The Rise of Modern Wind Energy Wind Power for the World CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140423 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-981-4411-41-7 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reason- able efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organiza- tion that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface 1. C- Based Materials on a Nanoscale: Synthesis, xi Properties, Applications, and Economical Aspects 1 Hans-Jörg Fecht and Kai Brühne 2. Synthesis of Nanodiamond 5 Matthias Wiora, Kai Brühne, and Hans-Jörg Fecht 2.1 Substrate Pretreatment 6 2.1.1 Manual Scratching 8 2.1.2 Bias-Enhanced Nucleation 9 2.1.3 Nanoseeding 11 2.2 CVD Techniques for Diamond Growth 13 2.2.1 Principles of CVD 13 2.2.2 Hot-Filament CVD 15 2.2.3 Microwave Plasma CVD 17 2.3 Microcrystalline vs. Nanocrystalline Diamond 17 2.3.1 Microcrystalline Diamond Films 18 2.3.2 (Ultra-)Nanocrystalline Diamond Films 23 2.4 Growth Parameter Variation 28 2.4.1 Role of Pressure 29 2.4.2 Role of the Gas Mixture (CH4, O2, N2) 32 3. 2A.d5v anceSdu mCamrbaorny Aerogels for Energy Applications 3469 Juergen Biener, Michael Stadermann, Matthew Suss, Marcus A. Worsley, Monika M. Biener, and Theodore F. Baumann 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Applications 52 3.2.1 Hydrogen Storage 52 3.2.2 Supercapacitors and Batteries 53 3.2.3 Capacitive Deionization 55 3.2.4 Catalysis 55 vi Contents 3.3 Design of Carbon Aerogels 56 3.3.1 Synthesis 56 3.3.2 Activation 59 3.3.3 Incorporation of Modifiers 61 3.3.4 Templating 63 3.3.5 Surface Functionalization 64 4. 3Ca.4r bon SEulemctmroanriycs 6789 Colin Johnston 4.1 Diamond 79 4.2 Diamond-Like Carbon 86 4.3 Carbon Nanotubes 87 4.4 Graphene 93 4.5 Fullerenes 99 5. 4N.a6n oscoCpoinc cInlutseirofancsi al Water Layers on Nanocrystalline 101 Diamond: From Biosensors to Nanomedicine 105 Andrei P. Sommer and Hans-Jörg Fecht 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Nanoscopic Interfacial Water Layers 107 5.2.1 Nanoscopic Interfacial Water Layers and Material Surfaces 109 5.3 Nanomedicine 110 5.4 Robust and Self-Sufficient Diamond-Based Biosensors 115 5.5 Nanoscopic Interfacial Water Layers on Hydrogen-Terminated Diamond: Model for Proton Transport in Cells 117 6. 5Sy.6n thesCiso onfc Cluasriboonns Nanotubes and Their Relevant 118 Properties 125 Aljoscha Roch, Esther Roch Talens, Beata Lehmann, Oliver Jost, and Andreas Leson 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 Subdivision and Structure of Carbon Nanotubes 126 Contents vii 6.3 Properties of SWCNTs 129 6.3.1 Electronic Band Structure of SWCNTs 130 6.3.2 Density of States and Optical Properties of SWCNTs 131 6.4 Characterization of SWCNTs 132 6.4.1 Optical Absorption Spectroscopy 132 6.4.2 Raman Spectroscopy 135 G G 6.4.2.1 Radial breathing mode 135 D+ D– 6.4.2.2 and peaks 136 6.4.2.3 and ´ peaks 137 6.5 Synthesis of SWCNTs 138 6.5.1 CVD for Synthesis of SWCNTs 138 6.5.2 SWCNT Synthesis by Laser Evaporation 139 6.5.3 SWCNT Synthesis by Continuous Arc Discharge 139 6.5.4 SWCNT Synthesis by Pulsed Arc Discharge 140 6.5.5 Selective Synthesis of m- and sc-SWCNTs 141 6.6 Comparison of Different CNT Materials 143 6.6.1 Characterization of Purified Carbon Nanotubes by Raman and Transmission Electron Microscopy 143 6.6.1.1 Characterization of transparent conductive films containing purified 7. Industrial Applications andca Crobmonm nearncioatl uPbeerssp ectives 146 of Nanocrystalline Diamond 155 Matthias Wiora, Ralph Gretzschel, Stefan Strobel, and Peter Gluche 7.1 General Aspects and Applications 156 7.2 CVD Diamond in a Mechanical Watch Movement 158 7.3 Micro-/Nanostructuring of CVD Diamond 161 7.3.1 All-Diamond Parts 161 7.3.2 Diamond-Coated Silicon Parts 164 viii Contents 8. 7Ec.4o nomSicu Amnmalayrsyis of Market Opportunities for CNTs 167 and Nanodiamond 171 Matthias Werner, Mario Markanovic, Catharina-Sophie Ciesla, and Leif Brand 8.1 Introduction 172 8.1.1 Definition 173 8.1.2 Overview 173 8.1.2.1 Carbon nanotubes 173 8.1.2.2 Nanodiamond 175 8.1.2.3 Comparison of carbon nanotubes and nanodiamond (Table 8.1) 176 8.2 Scientific and Technological Aspects 178 8.2.1 State of R&D 178 8.2.1.1 Nanoelectronics (TRL 1) 178 8.2.1.2 Biomedical applications (TRL 1 to TRL 2) 179 8.2.1.3 Biocompatibility (TRL 2) 179 8.2.1.4 Hydrogen storage (TRL 2) 180 8.2.1.5 Displays (TRL 3) 180 8.2.1.6 Sensors (TRL 3) 180 8.2.1.7 Electrochemical applications (TRL 3 to TRL 4) 181 8.2.1.8 Composite materials (TRL 4) 181 8.2.1.9 Production of polymer composites (TRL 4) 181 8.2.1.10 Technical production of carbon nanotubes (TRL 5) 182 8.2.2 Additional Demand for Research 184 8.2.3 Applications and Perspectives 185 8.2.4 Current Situation within the EU 186 8.3 Economic Aspects 187 8.3.1 General Market Description 187 8.3.2 Drivers and Barriers 189 8.3.3 Boundary Conditions 191 8.3.4 Economic Information and Analysis 192 8.3.5 Patent Analysis 193 Contents ix 8.3.5.1 Carbon nanotubes 193 Index 8.3.5.2 Nanodiamond 195 201

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