Cancer Screening: A Practical Guide for Physicians PDF
Preview Cancer Screening: A Practical Guide for Physicians
CANCER SCREENING 0 0 CURRENT CLINICAL PRACTICE Cancer Screening: A Practical Guide for Physicians, edited by KHALID AZIZ AND GEORGE Y. Wu, 2002 Hypertension Medicine, edited by MICHAELA. WEBER, 2001 Allergic Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment, 2nd Edition, edited by PHIL LIEBERMAN AND JOHN A. ANDERSON, 2000 Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines for the Practicing Physician, edited by CHARLES H. ADLER AND J. ERIC AHLSKOG, 2000 Bone Densitometry in Clinical Practice: Application and Interpretation, SYDNEY Lou BONN ICK, 1998 Sleep Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment, edited by J. STEVEN POCETA AND MERRILL M. MITLER, 1998 Diseases of the Liver and Bile Ducts: A Practical Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment, edited by GEORGE Y. Wu AND JONATHAN ISRAEL, 1998 The Pain Management Handbook: A Concise Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment, edited by M. ERIC GERSHWIN AND MAURICE E. HAMILTON, 1998 Osteoporosis: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Principles, edited by CLIFFORD J. ROSEN, 1996 CANCER SCREENING A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR PHYSICIANS Edited by KHALID AzIZ, MBBS, MRCP (UK), MRCP (IRE), FACG Newington VA Medical Center, Newington, CT and Y. WU, GEORGE MD, phD University ofC onnecticut School ofM edicine, Farmington, CT Foreword by PRAMOD SRIVASTAVA, MD, PhD University ofC onnecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA,LLC © 2002 Springer Science I I3usiness 1fcdia New York Originally published by IIumana Press Inc. in 2002 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 2002 humanapress.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permis sion from the Publisher. All articles, comments, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), and do not neces sarily reflect the views of the publisher. Due diligence has been taken by the publishers, editors, and authors of this book to assure the accuracy of the information published and to describe generally accepted practices. The contributors herein have carefully checked to ensure that the drug selections and dosages set forth in this text are accurate and in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. Notwithstanding, as new research, changes in government regulations, and knowledge from clinical experience relating to drug therapy and drug reactions constantly occurs, the reader is advised to check the product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug for any change in dosages or for additional warnings and contraindications. This is of utmost importance when the recommended drug herein is a new or infrequently used drug. It is the responsibility of the treating physician to determine dosages and treatment strategies for individual patients. Further it is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the Food and Drug Administration status of each drug or device used in their clinical practice. The publisher, editors, and authors are not responsible for errors or omissions orfnr any consequences from the application oflhe information presented in this book and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the contents in this publication. Production Editor: Jason S. Runnion Cover design by Patricia F. Cleary This publication is printed on acid-free paper.(§) ANSI Z39.48-1984 (American National Standards Institute) Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. Photocopy Authorization Policy: Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Humana Press Inc., provided that the base fee of US $10.00 per copy, plus US $00.25 per page, is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license from the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged and is acceptable to Humana Press Inc. 10987654321 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cancer screening: a practical guide for physicians, edited by Khalid Aziz and George Y. Wu. p. cm.-(Current clinical practice) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61737-229-2 ISBN 978-1-59259-191-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-59259-191-6 RC669.9.N582001 616.1 '07-dc21 99-054493 DEDICATION To the memory of my parents, whose guidance has provided me with inspi ration for all my accomplishments in life (KA). To my family, who have supported me in spite ofthe time away from them necessitated by completion of this book; to my mentors Irwin Arias and Sam Seifter, who have been role models and inspirations for me throughout my career (GYW). v FOREWORD The "war on cancer" has lead to remarkable collateral gains in understanding the cell and molecular biology of normal and cancer cells, even as there has been little measurable progress in a main goal of that war, treatment of the most common solid cancers of adults. An understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis has not automatically translated into better clinical treatment of cancers, at least in the immediate term. Immunotherapy and antiangiogenesis approaches that rely on the host response to cancer, rather than on studies of cancers themselves, are believed today to be the most promising modalities of treatment of cancer. Pending fulfillment of that promise, prevention and early detection are the two most fruitful avenues of action open to us in the war on cancer. Cancer Screening: A Practical Guide for Physicians addresses itself eloquently to the latter avenue. Screening for cancer has seen rapid progress during the last two decades and this has had a direct influence on the clinical course of the disease in selected solid cancers. However, there has been a gap in the availability of this information in one place. Cancer Screening: A Practical Guide for Physicians, edited by Pro fessor George Wu and Dr. Khalid Aziz of the University of Connecticut School of Medicine, and with contributions from 19 sets of authors, ably addresses that lacuna. The scope of this volume is suitably broad as it deals with aspects ranging from common issues on screening for malignancies in general to issues specific for various cancer types, to emerging technologies in cancer screening and ethi cal and legal aspects of such screening. Cancer Screening: A Practical Guide for Physicians should be a valuable resource for a broad spectrum of users induding internists, epidemiologists, primary care physicians, students, residents, and those responsible for development of public health policies. Pramod Srivastava, MD, PhD Professor of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT vii PREFACE Cancer remains a major killer throughout the world. It is estimated that approximately one in three persons living in the United States will develop cancer during his or her lifetime, and one in four will die because of it. Despite major advances in the treatment of cancer, prevention remains the best method of cancer control. New techniques for early detection of precancerous conditions have been developed and new guidelines for cancer screening have been estab lished. Cancer Screening: A Practical Guide for Physicians provides an up-to date text on cancer screening, including epidemiology and biology of various cancers, rationale for the use of screening techniques, sensitivity and specificity of the methods, and algorithms for an overview at a glance. Discussions on cost effectiveness, indication for consulting subspecialists, and a summary of key principles are also included. Some countries have very high incidences of certain types of cancers, e.g., stomach cancer in Japan and esophageal cancer in China. Physicians in these countries have developed several innovative and simple, but cost-effective, meth ods for cancer screening. These methods may be of interest to readers in the United States as the incidence of some of these cancers is increasing. Interna tional experts have been invited to write chapters covering the major issues in cancer screening and prevention in their respective countries. Recently several advances have been made in molecular genetics and imaging technology. One section of Cancer Screening: A Practical Guidefor Physicians is devoted to the future prospects in cancer screening, including present and future application of molecular genetics and new radiological methods in cancer screening. Cancer Screening: A Practical Guide for Physicians will provide a quick review of cancer screening for primary care physicians, internists, and various subspecialists, and will be a valuable reference book in the offices of all the physicians involved with cancer screening on a regular basis. The editors are indebted to the invaluable assistance of Mrs. Rosemary Pavlick and Jocelynn Albert. This project would not have been possible without their dedication and organizational skills. Also, we would like to express our gratitude to Natasha Aziz who, despite a busy schedule, worked diligently to review the chapters in this book. Khalid Aziz, MBBS, MRCP (UK), MRCP (IRE), FACG George Y. Wu, MD, PhD ix CONTENTS Foreword .......................................................................................................... v Preface ............................................................................................................ vii Contributors ..................................................................................................... xi Algorithms .................................................................................................... xvii PART I INTRODUCTION 1 Principles of Cancer Screening .......................................... 3 Maurie Markman PART II SCREENING FOR BREAST AND GYNECOLOGICAL CANCERS 2 Screening for Breast Cancer ............................................. 13 Kristen ZarJos and Peter J. Deckers 3 Screening for Cervical Cancer .......................................... 27 Amreen Husain and William J. Hoskins 4 Screening for Ovarian Cancer .......................................... 43 Beth E. Nelson and Allan R. Mayer 5 Screening for Endometrial Cancer ................................... 63 Allan R. Mayer and Beth E. Nelson III PART SCREENING FOR GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS 6 Screening for Colorectal Cancer ...................................... 87 Kittichai Promrat, Khalid Aziz, and George Y. Wu 7 Screening for Hepatocellular Carcinoma ....................... 111 Kirti Shetty, Khalid Aziz, and George Y. Wu 8 Screening for Oropharyngeal Cancer ............................. 129 Krishnamoorthy Srinivasan and Mohan Kameswaram PART IV SCREENING FOR UROGENITAL CANCERS 9 Screening for Prostate Cancer ........................................ 141 Peter C. Albertsen 10 Screening for Testicular Cancer ..................................... 161 Charles G. Petrunin and Craig R. Nichols xi XlI Contents PART V DERMATOLOGICAL CANCERS 11 Screening for Skin Cancer .............................................. 173 Marti J. Rothe, Tracy L. Bialy, and Jane M. Grant-Kels PART VI SCREENING FOR RESPIRATORY CANCERS 12 Screening for Lung Cancer ............................................. 195 Michael J. McNamee PARTVII SCREENING FOR CANCERS IN HIGH-RISK GROUPS 13 Screening for Esophageal Cancer in High Risk Groups: Barrett's Esophagus ..................................... 211 Elisabeth I. Heath and Marcia I. F. Canto 14 Screening for Esophageal Cancer in China .................... 227 You-Lin Qiao and Guoqing Wang 15 Screening for Liver Cancer in China .............................. 241 Boheng Zhang and Binghui Yang 16 Screening for Gastric Cancer in Japan ........................... 255 Masao Ichinose, Naohisa Yahagi, Masashi Olm, Hitoshi Ikeda, Kaumasa Miki, and Masao Omata PART VIII FUTURE PROSPECTS IN CANCER SCREENING 17 Advanced Imaging Technology for Future Cancer Screening ...................................... 271 Jeff L. Fidler 18 Molecular Genetics and Cancer Screening: Current Status and Future Prospects ......................... 285 Zhong Ling, Khalid Aziz, and George Y. Wu PART IX MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS OF CANCER SCREENING 19 Medicolegal Issues in Cancer Screening ........................ 303 Charlotte Brooks Index ............................................................................................................ 315 CONTRIBUTORS PETER C. ALBERTSEN, MD • Associate Professor, Chief, Division of Urology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT KHALID AZIZ, MBBS, MRCP (UK), MRCP (IRE), FACG • Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Acting Chief, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Newington VA Medical Center, Newington, CT TRACY L. BIALY, BA • Department ofD ermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT CHARLOTTE BROOKS, BS, RN· Medical Legal Consultant, Avon, CT MARCIA I. F. CANTO, MD, MHS • Division of Gastroenterology, Director, Therapeutic Endoscopy and Endoscopic Ultrasonography, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD PETER 1. DECKERS, MD • Dean, School of Medicine, Murray-Heilig Professor of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT JEFF L. FIDLER, MD • Assistant Professor of Radiology, Department ofR adiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN JANE M. GRANT-KELS, MD· Professor and Chairperson, Clinic Chief ofD ermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT ELISABETH I. HEATH, MD • Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD WILLIAM 1. HOSKINS, MD • Chief, Gynecology Division, Department of Surgery, Avon Chair, Gynecologic Oncology Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY AMREEN HUSAIN, MD· Gynecology Service Academic Office, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY MASAO IcHINOSE, MD, PhD • First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan HITOSHI IKEDA, MD • First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan MOHAN KAMESWARAM, MS, FRCS, MAMS· Sree Kamachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Deemed University, Madras, India ZHONG LING, MD, PHD • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT MAURIE MARKMAN, MD • Director, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center, Chairman, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Lee and Jerome Bukons Research Chair in Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH Xlll
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