DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s Cancer Principles & Practice of Oncology 11th edition Editors Vincent T. DeVita Jr., MD Amy and Joseph Perella Professor of Medicine Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center and Smilow Cancer Hospital at Yale-New Haven Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health Yale University School of Public Health New Haven, Connecticut Theodore S. Lawrence, MD, PhD Isadore Lampe Professor and Chair Department of Radiation Oncology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Steven A. Rosenberg, MD, PhD Chief, Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Professor of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences School of Medicine Bethesda, Maryland Professor of Surgery George Washington University School of Medicine Washington, District of Columbia With 384 Contributing Authors Acquisitions Editor: Ryan Shaw Editorial Coordinator: Tim Rinehart Marketing Manager: Rachel Mante-Leung Production Project Manager: Alicia Jackson Design Coordinator: Holly McLaughlin Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh Prepress Vendor: Absolute Service, Inc. 11th edition Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer. Copyright © 2015 by Wolters Kluwer Health. Copyright © 2011 by Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 2008 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Copyright © 2005, 2001 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 1997, by Lippincott-Raven Publishers. Copyright © 1993, 1989, 1985, 1982 by J.B. 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To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at [email protected], or via our website at shop.lww.com (products and services). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: DeVita, Vincent T., Jr., 1935- editor. | Lawrence, Theodore S., editor. | Rosenberg, Steven A., editor. Title: DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s cancer : principles & practice of oncology / [edited by] Vincent T. DeVita, Jr., Theodore S. Lawrence, Steven A. Rosenberg. Description: 11th edition. | Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2018043829 | eISBN 9781496394651 Subjects: | MESH: Neoplasms Classification: LCC RC263 | NLM QZ 200 | DDC 616.99/4–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018043829 This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work. This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based on health-care professionals’ examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data, and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance, and this work is merely a reference tool. Health-care professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments. Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and health-care professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, health-care professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer’s package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings, and side effects, and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used, or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law, or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work. shop.lww.com Contributing Authors Ghassan Abou-Alfa, MD, MBA Attending, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Associate Professor, Weill Medical College at Cornell University New York, New York Ross A. Abrams, MD, FACP, FACR, FASTRO Professor Department of Radiation Oncology Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois Nadeem R. Abu-Rustum, MD Chief, Gynecology Service Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Professor Avon Chair in Gynecologic Oncology Weill Cornell Medical College New York, New York Gregory P. Adams, PhD Chief Scientific Officer Eleven Biotherapeutics Cambridge, Massachusetts Anupriya Agarwal, PhD Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute Oregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon Manmeet S. Ahluwalia, MD, FACP Miller Family Endowed Chair in Neuro-Oncology Head of Operations, Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of the Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio Shahab Ahmed, MD Senior Data Analyst Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas Kaled M. Alektiar, MD Attending Physician Department of Radiation Oncology Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York James M. Allan, DPhil Northern Institute for Cancer Research Faculty of Medicine Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom Stephen Ansell, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine Division of Hematology Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota Cristina R. Antonescu, MD Director, Bone and Soft Tissue Pathology Department of Pathology Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York Alvaro Arjona-Sanchez, MD, PhD Unit of Oncological and Pancreatic Surgery University Hospital Reina Sofia Cordoba, Spain Amanda K. Ashley, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry New Mexico State University Las Cruces, New Mexico Alan Ashworth, PhD, FRS President, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center San Francisco, California Jon C. Aster, MD, PhD Chief, Division of Hematopathology Department of Pathology Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts David A. August, MD Professor of Surgery Chief, Division of Surgical Oncology Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School New Brunswick, New Jersey Brittany A. Avin, PhD Candidate Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology Program Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Itzhak Avital, MD, MBA, FACS Professor of Surgery Ben Gurion University of the Negev Executive Medical Director Soroka Comprehensive Cancer Center Beersheba, Israel Joachim M. Baehring, MD, DSc Professor Department of Neurology Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Sharyn D. Baker, PharmD, PhD Professor Gertrude Parker Heer Chair in Cancer Research Associate Director, Comprehensive Cancer Center College of Pharmacy The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Laurence Baker, DO Professor Division of Hematology and Oncology Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan Lodovico Balducci, MD Senior Member Emeritus Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, Florida Alberto Bardelli, PhD Full Professor Director Molecular Oncology Department of Oncology University of Torino Candiolo Cancer Institute Candiolo, Italy Ronald Barr, MB, ChB, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Pathology and Medicine McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Tracy T. Batchelor, MD Giovanni Armenise Professor of Neurology Harvard Medical School Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Susan Bates, MD Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York, New York Stephen B. Baylin, MD Virginia and D. K. Ludwig Professor in Cancer Research Co-Director, Cancer Biology Program Department of Oncology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland