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S6-14 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code Reprinted July 2017. This reprint is being issued to incorporate Update No. 1 (April 2016) and Update No. 2 (July 2017) into the original 2014 Code. Legal Notice for Standards Canadian Standards Association (operating as “CSA Group”) develops standards through a consensus standards development process approved by the Standards Council of Canada. This process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus and develop a standard. Although CSA Group administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in achieving consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the content of standards. 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S6-14 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code Prepared by TMA trade-mark of the Canadian Standards Association, operating as “CSA Group” Published in December 2014 by CSA Group A not-for-profit private sector organization 5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L4W 5N6 1-800-463-6727 • 416-747-4044 Visit our Online Store at shop.csa.ca To purchase standards and related publications, visit our Online Store at shop.csa.ca or call toll-free 1-800-463-6727 or 416-747-4044. ISBN 978-1-77139-412-3 © 2014 CSA Group. Reprinted with revisions July 2017. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form whatsoever without the prior permission of the publisher. © 2014 CSA Group Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code Contents Technical Committee on the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code xxviii Subcommittee on Section 1 — General xxxi Subcommittee on Section 2 — Durability xxxii Subcommittee on Section 3 — Loads xxxiii Subcommittee on Section 4 — Seismic design xxxiv Subcommittee on Section 5 — Methods of analysis xxxv Subcommittee on Section 6 — Foundations and geotechnical foundations xxxvi Subcommittee on Section 7 — Buried structures xxxvii Subcommittee on Section 8 — Concrete structures xxxviii Subcommittee on Section 9 — Wood structures xxxix Subcommittee on Section 10 — Steel structures xl Subcommittee on Section 11 — Joints and bearings xli Subcommittee on Section 12 — Barriers and highway accessory supports xlii Subcommittee on Section 13 — Movable bridges xliii Subcommittee on Section 14 — Evaluation xliv Subcommittee on Section 15 — Rehabilitation and repair xlv Subcommittee on Section 16 — Fibre-reinforced structures xlvi Subcommittee on Section 17 — Aluminum structures xlvii Code Calibration Task Force xlviii French Translation Task Force xlix Regulatory Authority Committee l Preface li Foreword liv Section — General 1 1.1 Scope 1 1.1.1 Scope of Code 1 1.1.2 Scope of this Section 1 1.1.3 Terminology 1 iii December 2014 S6-14 © 2014 CSA Group 1.2 Reference publications 1 1.3 Definitions 13 1.3.1 General 13 1.3.2 General administrative definitions 13 1.3.3 General technical definitions 13 1.3.4 Hydraulic definitions 18 1.4 General requirements 19 1.4.1 Approval 19 1.4.2 Design 20 1.4.3 Evaluation and rehabilitation of existing bridges 21 1.4.4 Construction 21 1.5 Geometry 22 1.5.1 Planning 22 1.5.2 Structure geometry 23 1.6 Barriers 23 1.6.1 Superstructure barriers 23 1.6.2 Roadside substructure barriers 23 1.6.3 Structure protection in waterways 24 1.6.4 Structure protection at railways 24 1.7 Auxiliary components 24 1.7.1 Expansion joints and bearings 24 1.7.2 Approach slabs 24 1.7.3 Utilities on bridges 24 1.8 Durability and maintenance 25 1.8.1 Durability and protection 25 1.8.2 Bridge deck drainage 25 1.8.3 Maintenance 26 1.9 Hydraulic design 28 1.9.1 Design criteria 28 1.9.2 Investigations 28 1.9.3 Location and alignment 29 1.9.4 Estimation of scour 29 1.9.5 Protection against scour 30 1.9.6 Backwater 32 1.9.7 Soffit elevation 32 1.9.8 Approach grade elevation 33 1.9.9 Channel erosion control 33 1.9.10 Stream stabilization works and realignment 34 1.9.11 Culverts 34 Section 2 — Durability 37 2.1 Scope 37 2.2 Definitions 37 2.3 Design for durability 37 2.3.1 Design concept 37 2.3.2 Durability requirements 37 2.3.3 Structural materials 39 2.4 Aluminum 39 2.4.1 Deterioration mechanisms 39 2.4.2 Detailing for durability 39 2.5 Polychloroprene and polyisoprene 39 2.6 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 39 2.7 Waterproofing membranes 40 2.8 Backfill material 40 iv December 2014 © 2014 CSA Group Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code 2.9 Soil and rock anchors 40 2.10 Other materials 40 Section 3 — Loads 41 3.1 Scope 41 3.2 Definitions 41 3.3 Abbreviations and symbols 43 3.3.1 Abbreviations 43 3.3.2 Symbols 43 3.4 Limit states criteria 47 3.4.1 General 47 3.4.2 Ultimate limit states 47 3.4.3 Fatigue limit state 47 3.4.4 Serviceability limit states 47 3.5 Load factors and load combinations 48 3.5.1 General 48 3.5.2 Permanent loads 50 3.5.3 Transitory loads 51 3.5.4 Exceptional loads 51 3.6 Dead loads 51 3.7 Earth loads and secondary prestress loads 52 3.7.1 Earth loads 52 3.7.2 Secondary prestress effects 52 3.8 Live loads 52 3.8.1 General 52 3.8.2 Design lanes 52 3.8.3 Traffic loads 53 3.8.4 Application 55 3.8.5 Centrifugal force 57 3.8.6 Braking force 57 3.8.7 Curb load 58 3.8.8 Barrier loads 58 3.8.9 Pedestrian load 58 3.8.10 Maintenance access loads 58 3.8.11 Maintenance vehicle load 59 3.8.12 Multiple-use structures 59 3.9 Superimposed deformations 59 3.9.1 General 59 3.9.2 Movements and load effects 60 3.9.3 Superstructure types 60 3.9.4 Temperature effects 60 3.10 Wind loads 62 3.10.1 General 62 3.10.2 Design of the superstructure 64 3.10.3 Design of the substructure 64 3.10.4 Aeroelastic instability 65 3.10.5 Wind tunnel tests 66 3.11 Water loads 66 3.11.1 General 66 3.11.2 Static pressure 66 3.11.3 Buoyancy 66 3.11.4 Stream pressure 66 3.11.5 Wave action 67 3.11.6 Scour action 67 3.11.7 Debris torrents 67 v December 2014 S6-14 © 2014 CSA Group 3.12 Ice loads 68 3.12.1 General 68 3.12.2 Dynamic ice forces 68 3.12.3 Static ice forces 70 3.12.4 Ice jams 70 3.12.5 Ice adhesion forces 70 3.12.6 Ice accretion 71 3.13 Earthquake effects 71 3.14 Vessel collisions 71 3.14.1 General 71 3.14.2 Bridge classification 71 3.14.3 Assessment 71 3.14.4 Annual frequency of collapse 72 3.14.5 Design vessel 72 3.14.6 Application of collision forces 72 3.14.7 Protection of piers 72 3.15 Vehicle collision load 72 3.16 Construction loads and loads on temporary structures 72 3.16.1 General 72 3.16.2 Dead loads 72 3.16.3 Live loads 73 3.16.4 Segmental construction 73 3.16.5 Falsework 73 Annexes A3.1 (normative) — Climatic and environmental data 74 A3.2 (normative) — Wind loads on highway accessory supports and slender structural elements 93 A3.3 (normative) — Vessel collision 102 A3.4 (normative) — CL-625-ONT live loading 112 Section 4 — Seismic design 113 4.1 Scope 113 4.2 Definitions 113 4.3 Abbreviation and symbols 115 4.3.1 Abbreviations 115 4.3.2 Symbols 115 4.4 Earthquake effects 119 4.4.1 General 119 4.4.2 Importance categories 119 4.4.3 Seismic hazard 120 4.4.4 Seismic performance category 124 4.4.5 Analysis and design approach 125 4.4.6 Performance-based design 128 4.4.7 Force-based design 130 4.4.8 Seismic force effects 132 4.4.9 Load factors and load combinations 132 4.4.10 Design forces and support lengths 132 4.5 Analysis 136 4.5.1 General 136 4.5.2 Single-span bridges 137 4.5.3 Multi-span bridges 137 4.6 Foundations 138 4.6.1 General 138 4.6.2 Analysis methods 138 4.6.3 Geotechnical resistance factor 138 vi December 2014