Cambridge IGCSE Physics – Duncan, Tom [SRG]

328 Pages·2014·12.98 MB·English

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Physics
Third Edition
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IGCSE®
Physics
Third Edition
Tom Duncan
and Heather Kennett
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® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations. The questions, example answers, marks
awarded and/or comments that appear in this book/CD were written by the authors. In examination the way marks
would be awarded to answers like these may be different.
Past examination questions reproduced by permission of Cambridge International Examinations.
Cambridge International Examinations bears no responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past
question papers which are contained in this publication.
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Visit our website at www.hoddereducation.com
© Tom Duncan and Heather Kennett 2002
First published in 2002 by
Hodder Education, an Hachette UK Company,
338 Euston Road
London NW1 3BH
This third edition published 2014
Impression number 5 4 3 2 1
Year 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced
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Printed and bound in Italy.
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 1 4441 76421
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Contents
Preface vii
Physics and technology viii
Scientific enquiry x
Section 1 General physics
Measurements and motion
1 Measurements 2
2 Speed, velocity and acceleration 9
3 Graphs of equations 13
4 Falling bodies 17
5 Density 21
Forces and momentum
6 Weight and stretching 24
7 Adding forces 27
8 Force and acceleration 30
9 Circular motion 35
10 Moments and levers 39
11 Centres of mass 43
12 Momentum 47
Energy, work, power and pressure
13 Energy transfer 50
14 Kinetic and potential energy 56
15 Energy sources 60
16 Pressure and liquid pressure 66
Section 2 Thermal physics
Simple kinetic molecular model of matter
17 Molecules 72
18 The gas laws 76
Thermal properties and temperature
19 Expansion of solids, liquids and gases 81
20 Thermometers 85
21 Specific heat capacity 88
22 Specific latent heat 91
Thermal processes
23 Conduction and convection 97
24 Radiation 102
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Section 3 Properties of waves
General wave properties
25 Mechanical waves 106
Light
26 Light rays 113
27 Reflection of light 116
28 Plane mirrors 119
29 Refraction of light 122
30 Total internal reflection 126
31 Lenses 129
32 Electromagnetic radiation 135
Sound
33 Sound waves 140
Section 4 Electricity and magnetism
Simple phenomena of magnetism
34 Magnetic fields 146
Electrical quantities and circuits
35 Static electricity 150
36 Electric current 157
37 Potential difference 162
38 Resistance 167
39 Capacitors 174
40 Electric power 177
41 Electronic systems 185
42 Digital electronics 193
Electromagnetic effects
43 Generators 199
44 Transformers 204
45 Electromagnets 209
46 Electric motors 215
47 Electric meters 219
48 Electrons 222
Section 5 Atomic physics
49 Radioactivity 230
50 Atomic structure 238
Revision questions 245
Cambridge IGCSE exam questions 251
Mathematics for physics 279
Further experimental investigations 283
Practical test questions 285
Alternative to practical test questions 291
Answers 299
Index 308
Photo acknowledgements 315
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Preface
IGCSE Physics Third Edition aims to provide an The book has been completely restructured to
up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of the Core align chapters and sections with the order of the
and Extended curriculum in Physics specifi ed in IGCSE syllabus. A new chapter on momentum has
the current Cambridge International Examinations been included and the checklists at the end of each
IGCSE syllabus. chapter are all aligned more closely with the syllabus
As you read through the book, you will notice four requirements. New questions from recent exam
sorts of shaded area in the text. papers are included at the end of the book in the
sections entitled Cambridge IGCSE exam questions,
Practical test questions and Alternative to practical test
Material highlighted in green is for the Cambridge
questions. These can be used for quick comprehensive
IGCSE Extended curriculum.
revision before exams.
The accompanying Revision CD-ROM provides
Areas highlighted in yellow contain material that invaluable exam preparation and practice. Interactive
is not part of the Cambridge IGCSE syllabus. It is tests, organised by syllabus topic, cover both the
extension work and will not be examined. Core and Extended curriculum.
T.D. and H.K.
Areas highlighted in blue contain important facts.
Questions are highlighted by a box like this.
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Physics and technology
Physicists explore the Universe. Their investigations energy production and electronics. Figure 2 shows
range from particles that are smaller than atoms to some examples.
stars that are millions and millions of kilometres away, Mathematics is an essential tool of physics and a
as shown in Figures 1a and 1b. ‘reference section’ for some of the basic mathematics
As well as having to find the facts by observation is given at the end of the book along with suggested
and experiment, physicists also must try to discover methods for solving physics problems.
the laws that summarise these facts (often as
mathematical equations). They then have to
make sense of the laws by thinking up and testing
theories (thought-models) to explain the laws. The
reward, apart from satisfied curiosity, is a better
understanding of the physical world. Engineers
and technologists use physics to solve practical
problems for the benefit of people, though, in
solving them, social, environmental and other
problems may arise.
In this book we will study the behaviour of matter
(the stuff things are made of) and the different kinds
of energy (such as light, sound, heat, electricity).
Figure 1a This image, produced by a scanning tunnelling microscope,
We will also consider the applications of physics in
shows an aggregate of gold just three atoms thick on a graphite
the home, in transport, medicine, research, industry, substrate. Individual graphite (carbon) atoms are shown as green.
Figure 1b The many millions of stars in the Universe, of which the fundamental questions in science, i.e. the age and scale of the Universe,
Sun is just one, are grouped in huge galaxies. This photograph of two by giving much more detailed information about individual stars than is
interacting spiral galaxies was taken with the Hubble Space Telescope. possible with ground-based telescopes.
This orbiting telescope is enabling astronomers to tackle one of the most
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Physics and technology
Figure 2a The modern technology of laser surgery enables very Figure 2c The manned exploration of space is such an expensive
delicate operations to be performed. Here the surgeon is removing operation that international co-operation is seen as the way forward. This
thin sheets of tissue from the surface of the patient’s cornea, in is the International Space Station, built module by module in orbit around
order to alter its shape and correct severe short-sightedness. the Earth. It is operated as a joint venture by the USA and Russia.
Figure 2b Mobile phones provide us with the convenience Figure 2d In the search for alternative energy sources, ‘wind farms’ of
of instant communication wherever we are – but does the 20 to 100 wind turbines have been set up in suitable locations, such as
electromagnetic radiation they use pose a hidden risk to our this one in North Wales, to generate at least enough electricity for the
health? local community.
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