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Cambridge IGCSE Physics – Duncan, Tom [SRG] PDF

328 Pages·2014·12.98 MB·English
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w Cambridge N e o r 2 0 1 4 IGCSE® f Physics Third Edition 9781444176421_FM_00.indd 1 20/06/14 7:29 AM This page intentionally left blank w e N Cambridge 4 1 0 2 r o f IGCSE® Physics Third Edition Tom Duncan and Heather Kennett iiiiii 9781444176421_FM_00.indd 3 20/06/14 7:29 AM ® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations. The questions, example answers, marks awarded and/or comments that appear in this book/CD were written by the authors. In examination the way marks would be awarded to answers like these may be different. Past examination questions reproduced by permission of Cambridge International Examinations. Cambridge International Examinations bears no responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers which are contained in this publication. Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser. Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: (44) 01235 827720. Fax: (44) 01235 400454. Lines are open 9.00–5.00, Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Visit our website at www.hoddereducation.com © Tom Duncan and Heather Kennett 2002 First published in 2002 by Hodder Education, an Hachette UK Company, 338 Euston Road London NW1 3BH This third edition published 2014 Impression number 5 4 3 2 1 Year 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Cover photo © robertkoczera – Fotolia Illustrations by Fakenham Prepress Solutions, Wearset and Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Typeset in 11/13pt ITC Galliard Std by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in Italy. A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4441 76421 9781444176421_FM_00.indd 4 20/06/14 7:29 AM Contents Preface vii Physics and technology viii Scientific enquiry x Section 1 General physics Measurements and motion 1 Measurements 2 2 Speed, velocity and acceleration 9 3 Graphs of equations 13 4 Falling bodies 17 5 Density 21 Forces and momentum 6 Weight and stretching 24 7 Adding forces 27 8 Force and acceleration 30 9 Circular motion 35 10 Moments and levers 39 11 Centres of mass 43 12 Momentum 47 Energy, work, power and pressure 13 Energy transfer 50 14 Kinetic and potential energy 56 15 Energy sources 60 16 Pressure and liquid pressure 66 Section 2 Thermal physics Simple kinetic molecular model of matter 17 Molecules 72 18 The gas laws 76 Thermal properties and temperature 19 Expansion of solids, liquids and gases 81 20 Thermometers 85 21 Specific heat capacity 88 22 Specific latent heat 91 Thermal processes 23 Conduction and convection 97 24 Radiation 102 v 9781444176421_FM_00.indd 5 20/06/14 7:29 AM Section 3 Properties of waves General wave properties 25 Mechanical waves 106 Light 26 Light rays 113 27 Reflection of light 116 28 Plane mirrors 119 29 Refraction of light 122 30 Total internal reflection 126 31 Lenses 129 32 Electromagnetic radiation 135 Sound 33 Sound waves 140 Section 4 Electricity and magnetism Simple phenomena of magnetism 34 Magnetic fields 146 Electrical quantities and circuits 35 Static electricity 150 36 Electric current 157 37 Potential difference 162 38 Resistance 167 39 Capacitors 174 40 Electric power 177 41 Electronic systems 185 42 Digital electronics 193 Electromagnetic effects 43 Generators 199 44 Transformers 204 45 Electromagnets 209 46 Electric motors 215 47 Electric meters 219 48 Electrons 222 Section 5 Atomic physics 49 Radioactivity 230 50 Atomic structure 238 Revision questions 245 Cambridge IGCSE exam questions 251 Mathematics for physics 279 Further experimental investigations 283 Practical test questions 285 Alternative to practical test questions 291 Answers 299 Index 308 Photo acknowledgements 315 vi 9781444176421_FM_00.indd 6 20/06/14 7:29 AM Preface IGCSE Physics Third Edition aims to provide an The book has been completely restructured to up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of the Core align chapters and sections with the order of the and Extended curriculum in Physics specifi ed in IGCSE syllabus. A new chapter on momentum has the current Cambridge International Examinations been included and the checklists at the end of each IGCSE syllabus. chapter are all aligned more closely with the syllabus As you read through the book, you will notice four requirements. New questions from recent exam sorts of shaded area in the text. papers are included at the end of the book in the sections entitled Cambridge IGCSE exam questions, Practical test questions and Alternative to practical test Material highlighted in green is for the Cambridge questions. These can be used for quick comprehensive IGCSE Extended curriculum. revision before exams. The accompanying Revision CD-ROM provides Areas highlighted in yellow contain material that invaluable exam preparation and practice. Interactive is not part of the Cambridge IGCSE syllabus. It is tests, organised by syllabus topic, cover both the extension work and will not be examined. Core and Extended curriculum. T.D. and H.K. Areas highlighted in blue contain important facts. Questions are highlighted by a box like this. vii 9781444176421_FM_00.indd 7 20/06/14 7:29 AM Physics and technology Physicists explore the Universe. Their investigations energy production and electronics. Figure 2 shows range from particles that are smaller than atoms to some examples. stars that are millions and millions of kilometres away, Mathematics is an essential tool of physics and a as shown in Figures 1a and 1b. ‘reference section’ for some of the basic mathematics As well as having to find the facts by observation is given at the end of the book along with suggested and experiment, physicists also must try to discover methods for solving physics problems. the laws that summarise these facts (often as mathematical equations). They then have to make sense of the laws by thinking up and testing theories (thought-models) to explain the laws. The reward, apart from satisfied curiosity, is a better understanding of the physical world. Engineers and technologists use physics to solve practical problems for the benefit of people, though, in solving them, social, environmental and other problems may arise. In this book we will study the behaviour of matter (the stuff things are made of) and the different kinds of energy (such as light, sound, heat, electricity). Figure 1a This image, produced by a scanning tunnelling microscope, We will also consider the applications of physics in shows an aggregate of gold just three atoms thick on a graphite the home, in transport, medicine, research, industry, substrate. Individual graphite (carbon) atoms are shown as green. Figure 1b The many millions of stars in the Universe, of which the fundamental questions in science, i.e. the age and scale of the Universe, Sun is just one, are grouped in huge galaxies. This photograph of two by giving much more detailed information about individual stars than is interacting spiral galaxies was taken with the Hubble Space Telescope. possible with ground-based telescopes. This orbiting telescope is enabling astronomers to tackle one of the most viii 9781444176421_FM_00.indd 8 20/06/14 7:29 AM Physics and technology Figure 2a The modern technology of laser surgery enables very Figure 2c The manned exploration of space is such an expensive delicate operations to be performed. Here the surgeon is removing operation that international co-operation is seen as the way forward. This thin sheets of tissue from the surface of the patient’s cornea, in is the International Space Station, built module by module in orbit around order to alter its shape and correct severe short-sightedness. the Earth. It is operated as a joint venture by the USA and Russia. Figure 2b Mobile phones provide us with the convenience Figure 2d In the search for alternative energy sources, ‘wind farms’ of of instant communication wherever we are – but does the 20 to 100 wind turbines have been set up in suitable locations, such as electromagnetic radiation they use pose a hidden risk to our this one in North Wales, to generate at least enough electricity for the health? local community. ix 9781444176421_FM_00.indd 9 20/06/14 7:29 AM

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