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NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS CALCULATION OF TARGET MASKING EFFECTS FOR AIR TO SURFACE ORDNANCE DELIVERY by Joseph R. Darlak December, 1996 Thesis Advisor: Morris Driels Thesis Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. D161U5 LUDUEYKNOXLIBRARY NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOl MONTEREY CA 93943-5101 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FormApprovedOMBNo.0704-0188 Publicreportingburdenforthiscollectionofinformationisestimatedtoaverage 1 hourperresponse,includingthetimeforreviewinginstruction,searchingexistingdata sources,gatheringandmaintainingthedataneeded,andcompletingandreviewingthecollectionofinformation.Sendcommentsregardingthisburdenestimateorany otheraspectofthiscollectionofinformation,includingsuggestionsforreducingthisburden,toWashingtonHeadquartersServices,DirectorateforInformation OperationsandReports, 1215JeffersonDavisHighway.Suite 1204,Arlington.VA22202-4302,andtotheOfficeofManagementandBudget,PaperworkReduction Project(0704-0188)WashingtonDC20503. 1. AGENCY USEONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORTDATE 3. REPORTTYPEANDDATES COVERED December 1996 Master's Thesis TITLEAND SUBTITLECALCULATION OF TARGET MASKING FUNDING NUMBERS EFFECTS FOR AIR TO SURFACE ORDNANCE DELIVERY 6. AUTHOR(S) Joseph R, Darlak PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) PERFORMING 7. Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION Monterey CA 93943-5000 REPORTNUMBER SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORTNUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those ofthe author and do not reflect the official policy orposition ofthe Department ofDefense orthe U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved forpublic release; distribution is unlimited. 13. ABSTRACT(maximum 200words) The Perspective View Generator (PVG) is a database driven simulation that displays a three-dimensional synthetic environment from terrain information stored in a two-dimensional array. Each terrain element is identified by coordinates which index the array. Each array value contains 32 bits of information arranged to specify the greyshade, elevation and other features of the terrain at that position. Currently there are few areas ofthe world digitally mapped in the data format accepted by the PVG. The objective of this thesis is to enable the automatic generation of a database for use with the PVG from information available from various sources. The project involves writing computer algorithms to synthesize data from different sources and making modifications to the PVG functions. The source of terrain information is aerial imagery and elevation information which is not resolved fine enough to distinguish tree and building heights. The ability to modify the data base to include object heights allows the PVG to show the target masking effects these objects have in a given region. The resulting synthetic environment can be used for strike planning and as a mission tailored training tool. 14. SUBJECTTERMS Synthetic environments, terrain, visualization, target 15. NUMBER OF PAGES89 masking 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFI- SECURITY CLASSIFI- 19. SECURITY CLASSIFI- 20. LIMITATION OF CATION OFREPORT CATION OFTHIS PAGE CATION OF ABSTRACT ABSTRACT UL Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) PrescribedbyANSIStd.239-18298-102 11 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. CALCULATION OF TARGET MASKING EFFECTS FOR AIR TO SURFACE ORDNANCE DELIVERY Joseph R. Parlak Lieutenant, United States Navy B.S.M.E., United States Naval Academy, 1990 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING from the NAVAL£QSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 1996 ( C-Z. DUDLEYKNOX LIBRARY ABSTRACT ™unjEREY CA 93943-5101 The Perspective View Generator (PVG) is a database driven simulation that displays a three-dimensional synthetic environment from terrain information stored in a two-dimensional array. Each terrain element is identified by coordinates which index the array. Each array value contains 32 bits ofinformation arranged to specify the greyshade, elevation and other features of the terrain at that position. Currently there are few areas of the world digitally mapped in the data format accepted by the PVG. The objective ofthis thesis is to enable the automatic generation of a database for use with the PVG from information available from various sources. The project involves writing computer algorithms to synthesize data from different sources and making modifications to the PVG functions. The source of terrain information is aerial imagery and elevation information which is not resolved fine enough to distinguish tree and building heights. The ability to modify the data base to include object heights allows the PVG to show the target masking effects these objects have in a given region. The resulting synthetic environment can be used for strike planning and as a mission tailored training tool. VI .... TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. 1 OVERVIEW OF SYNTHETIC ENVIRONMENTS A. 2 B. THE PERSPECTIVE VIEW GENERATOR (PVG) 3 1 Mechanics of Ray Tracing 3 2. Organization of Information in the Data Array 5 3. Information Retrieval 7 4. Image Rendering 13 OBJECTIVE H. 17 EXPERIMENTS JJI. 19 A. INDIVIDUAL TREES 19 B. INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS 22 C. MODIFICATIONS TO THE PVG 22 Ray Trace Algorithm 23 1 a. Adjusting Ray Trace Back-Step 24 b. Retaining Previous Height 24 c. Boundary Check 25 2. Data Interpretation Algorithm 28 a. Distinguishing Between Natural and Man-Made Objects 28 b. Use ofPrevious Height to Distinguish Rooffrom Walls 29 c. Use of Surface Normal to Distinguish Walls 30 D. TERRAIN INFORMATION CONVERSION 30 USER INTERFACE E. 31 Real Time Editing 35 1 2. Making Database Changes 35 a. Marking a Search Area 37 b. Searching for Similar Adjacent Pixels 38 3. Generation ofTree Stands 38 4. Generation ofBuildings 39 IV. DISCUSSION 43 A. SUGGESTED FOLLOW-ON RESEARCH 43 1 Transition from Edit to Full-Speed Mode 43 2. Refine Edit Process 44 a. Marking Edit Areas 44 b. Undo/Redo 45 c. Improved Tree Distributions 45 vn d. Refined Surface Normal Assignment and Interpretation 46 TARGET MOTION B. 46 CONCLUSION V. 47 APPENDIX A. ZIGZAG.C 49 APPENDIX HITGRND.C B. 53 APPENDIX DATAGEN.C C. 57 APPENDIX D. EDIT.C 59 APPENDIX E. TREES.C 71 LIST OF REFERENCES 73 BIBLIOGRAPHY 75 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 77 Vlll