Caffeine in food and dietary supplements : examining safety : workshop summary

213 Pages·2014·2.178 MB·English

by  Ann L Yaktine, Diana E Pankevich, Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Planning Committee for a Workshop on Potential Health Hazards Associated with Consumption of Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements

Lesllie Pray, Annn L. Yaktinee, and Diana Pankevich, RRapporteurss

Planning Commiittee for a WWorkshop on PPotential Heealth Hazards
Assoociated with CConsumptioon of Caffeinne
iin Food and DDietary Suppplements

Food andd Nutrition BBoard

BBoard on Heealth Sciencees Policy
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, NW • Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The workshop that is the subject of this workshop summary was
approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose
members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

This activity was supported by Contract/Grant No. HHSF223200810020I
between the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of Health and
Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. The views presented in this
publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies
that provided support for the activity.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-29749-3
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-29749-4

Additional copies of this workshop summary are available for sale from the
National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC
20001; [phone] or [phone]; http://www.nap.edu.

For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page
at www.iom.edu.

Copyright 2014 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

The serpent has been a symbol of long life, healing, and knowledge among
almost all cultures and religions since the beginning of recorded history. The
serpent adopted as a logotype by the Institute of Medicine is a relief carving
from ancient Greece, now held by the Staatliche Museen in Berlin.

Suggested citation: IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2014. Caffeine in food and
dietary supplements: Examining safety: Workshop summary. Washington, DC:
The National Academies Press.

The National Acadeemy of Sciencces is a privatte, nonprofit, self-perpetuatiing
societyy of distinguishhed scholars enngaged in scienntific and enginneering researcch,
dedicatted to the furthherance of scieence and technnology and to their use for tthe
generall welfare. Upoon the authorityy of the charteer granted to it by the Congreess
in 1863, the Academmy has a manndate that reqquires it to addvise the fedeeral
governnment on scieentific and tecchnical matterrs. Dr. Ralphh J. Cicerone is
presideent of the Natioonal Academy of Sciences.

The National Acadeemy of Enginneering was eestablished in 1964, under tthe
charter of the Natioonal Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of
outstannding engineerss. It is autonomoous in its adminnistration and iin the selectionn of
its memmbers, sharing wwith the Nationnal Academy oof Sciences the responsibility ffor
advisinng the federal government. TThe National Academy of EEngineering allso
sponsorrs engineeringg programs aimmed at meetinng national neeeds, encouragges
educatiion and researcch, and recognnizes the superrior achievemeents of engineeers.
Dr. C. DD. Mote, Jr., is president of thhe National Acaademy of Enginneering.

The Institute of Meddicine was estaablished in 19770 by the Natioonal Academy of
Sciencees to secure thhe services of eminent membbers of approppriate professioons
in the eexamination of policy matterrs pertaining too the health off the public. TThe
Institutte acts under thhe responsibilitty given to the National Acaddemy of Sciencces
by its ccongressional ccharter to be ann adviser to thee federal goverrnment and, uppon
its ownn initiative, to iidentify issuesof medical carre, research, annd education. DDr.
Harveyy V. Fineberg is president of tthe Institute off Medicine.

The Naational Reseaarch Council wwas organizedd by the Natioonal Academy of
Sciencees in 1916 to associate the bbroad communnity of sciencee and technoloogy
with thhe Academy’s purposes of fuurthering knowwledge and advvising the fedeeral
governnment. Functionning in accordance with geneeral policies determined by tthe
Academmy, the Counccil has becomee the principall operating ageency of both tthe
National Academy oof Sciences annd the Nationaal Academy off Engineering in
providiing services tto the governnment, the puublic, and thee scientific aand
engineeering communiities. The Counncil is administtered jointly byy both Academmies
and thee Institute of MMedicine. Dr. RRalph J. Ciceroone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., aare
chair annd vice chair, rrespectively, of the National Research Counncil.

wwww.nationall-academies.oorg
PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR A WORKSHOP ON
POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH
CONSUMPTION OF CAFFEINE IN FOOD AND DIETARY
SUPPLEMENTS1

LYNN R. GOLDMAN (Chair), Dean, School of Public Health and
Health Sciences George Washington University, Washington, DC
JAMES R. COUGHLIN, President, Coughlin & Associates,
San Diego, CA
STEPHEN R. DANIELS, Professor and Chair, Department of
Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora
THOMAS J. GOULD, Professor of Psychology, Department of
Psychology, Director of the Neuroscience Program, Temple
University, Philadelphia, PA
CARL L. KEEN, Professor and Chair, Department of Nutrition,
University of California, Davis
STEVEN E. LIPSHULTZ, Professor and Chairman of Pediatrics and
Endowed Chair in Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of the
University of Miami, FL
THERESA ANN NICKLAS, Professor, Department of Pediatrics,
Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine,
Houston, TX
BARBARA J. PETERSEN, Principal Scientist, Exponent, Inc.,
Washington, DC
JOSEPH V. RODRICKS, Principal, Environ International Corp.,
Arlington, VA

IOM Staff

ANN L. YAKTINE, Study Director
DIANA PANKEVICH, Senior Program Officer
JANET MULLIGAN, Research Associate
FAYE HILLMAN, Financial Associate
GERALDINE KENNEDO, Administrative Assistant
ANN L. YAKTINE, Interim Director, Food and Nutrition Board
ANDREW M. POPE, Director, Board on Health Sciences Policy

1Institute of Medicine planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the
workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published
workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.
v

Reviewers

This workshop summary has been reviewed in draft form by in-
dividuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise,
in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research
Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent
review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the
institution in making its published workshop summary as sound as pos-
sible and to ensure that the workshop summary meets institutional stand-
ards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge.
The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect
the integrity of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals
for their review of this workshop summary:

ANNE BARNHILL, Perelman School of Medicine at the University
of Pennsylvania
CINDY D. DAVIS, National Institutes of Health
JOHANNA T. DWYER, Tufts University Medical Center
CARL L. KEEN, University of California, Davis
NANCY S. WELLMAN, Florida International University

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many construc-
tive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the
workshop summary before its release. The review of this workshop
summary was overseen by EILEEN T. KENNEDY, Tufts University.
Appointed by the Institute of Medicine, she was responsible for mak-
ing certain that an independent examination of this workshop summary
was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all
review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final
vii
viii REVIEWERS

content of this workshop summary rests entirely with the rapporteurs and
the institution.
Contents

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xv

1 INTRODUCTION 1
Background and Workshop Objectives, 1
About This Report, 2
The Past, Present, and Future of Caffeine Regulation in the
United States, 4
References, 10

2 INTAKE AND EXPOSURE TO CAFFEINE 11
Caffeine Intake from Beverages in the United States, 11
Various Aspects of Caffeine Intake in America: Analysis of
NHANES, 20
Panelist Discussion with the Audience, 26
References, 30

3 SAFETY SIGNALS AND SURVEILLANCE 31
Caffeine and Energy Drink Exposure Call Surveillance, 31
Safety Assessment of Caffeine in Foods and Beverages, 38
Panelist Discussion with the Audience, 43
References, 47

4 EXPLORING SAFE CAFFEINE EXPOSURE LEVELS FOR
VULNERABLE POPULATIONS 51
Health Canada’s Approach, 52
Safe Caffeine Exposure Levels in Vulnerable Populations:
Pregnant Women and Infants, 53
ix