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C++
Jesse Liberty with
Vishwajit Aklecha
Steve Haines
Steven Mitchell
Alexander Nickolov
Charles Pace
Meghraj Thakkar
Michael J. Tobler
Donald Xie
Steve Zagieboylo
201 West 103rd Street
Indianapolis,Indiana 46290
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C++ Unleashed EXECUTIVE EDITOR
Tracy Dunkelberger
Copyright © 1999 by Sams
AQUISITIONS EDITOR
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced,stored in a Tracy Dunkelberger
retrieval system,or transmitted by any means,electronic,mechanical,photo-
copying,recording,or otherwise,without written permission from the publish- DEVELOPMENT EDITOR
er. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information Sean Dixon
contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation MANAGINGEDITOR
of this book,the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or
Jodi Jensen
omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use
of the information contained herein. PROJECTEDITOR
Maureen A. McDaniel
International Standard Book Number:0-672-31239-5
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:97-69859 COPYEDITOR
Alice Martina-Smith
First Printing:November 1998
INDEXER
00 99 98 4 3 2 1
Rebecca Salerno
Printed in the United States of America
PROOFREADER
Trademarks Mona Brown
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service TECHNICALEDITOR
marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams Publishing cannot attest to Jay Armstrong
the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be Poney Carpenter
regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Dan Clamage
Tom Collins
Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Russ Jacobs
Steven Mitchell
Warning and Disclaimer
David Thompson
Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as SOFTWAREDEVELOPMENT
possible,but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on
SPECIALIST
an “as is”basis. The authors and the publisher shall have neither liability nor Dan Scherf
responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages aris-
ing from the information contained in this book or from the use of the CD- TEAMCOORDINATOR
ROM or programs accompanying it. Michelle Newcomb
COVERDESIGNER
Aren Howell
INTERIORDESIGNER
Gary Adair
LAYOUTTECHNICIANS
Ayanna Lacey
Heather Hiatt Miller
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Contents at a Glance
Introduction 1
PART I OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING 5
1 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 7
2 Implementing Class Design in C++ 45
3 Inheritance,Polymorphism,and Code Reuse 77
PART II IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES 123
4 Memory Management 125
5 How To Use Frameworks 169
6 Standard Template Library Container Classes 217
7 STL Iterators and Algorithms 285
8 Avoiding Name Clashes by Using Namespaces 361
9 Manipulating Object Types at Runtime 381
10 Tuning Application Performance 405
PART III MANIPULATING DATA 429
11 Recursion and Recursive Data Structures 431
12 Designing Efficient Sorting Methods 451
13 Search Algorithms in C++ 483
14 Hashing and Parsing Techniques 513
PART IV OBJECT PERSISTENCE AND ENCRYPTION 541
15 Object Persistence 543
16 Relational Databases and Persistence 621
17 Object Persistence Using Relational Databases 651
18 Object-Oriented Databases 677
19 Protecting Applications Using Encryption 737
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PART V DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING TOPICS 777
20 CORBA 779
21 COM 809
22 Java and C++ 851
INDEX 877
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CONTENTS
Contents
INTRODUCTION 1
What Is Covered......................................................................................1
Part I,“Object-Oriented Programming”............................................1
Part II,“Implementation Issues”........................................................1
Part III,“Manipulating Data” ............................................................2
Part IV,“Object Persistence and Encryption”....................................2
Part V,“Distributed Computing Topics”............................................2
What You Need To Know Already..........................................................2
What Software You Need........................................................................3
How To Read This Book ........................................................................3
PART I OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING 5
1 OBJECT-ORIENTEDANALYSISANDDESIGN 7
Building Models......................................................................................8
Software Design:The Modeling Language............................................9
Software Design:The Process ..............................................................10
The Vision..............................................................................................13
Requirements Analysis..........................................................................13
Use Cases..........................................................................................14
Application Analysis........................................................................24
Systems Analysis..............................................................................25
Planning Documents........................................................................25
Visualizations....................................................................................26
Artifacts............................................................................................26
Design....................................................................................................27
What Are the Classes?......................................................................28
Transformations................................................................................30
Static Model......................................................................................31
Dynamic Model................................................................................40
Summary................................................................................................43
2 IMPLEMENTINGCLASSDESIGNINC++ 45
Translating Class Diagrams into C++ ..................................................46
Standard Classes ..............................................................................46
Template Classes..............................................................................48
Utility Classes..................................................................................49
Associations......................................................................................50
Aggregations....................................................................................56
Generalization..................................................................................58
Translating Interaction Diagrams into C++..........................................61
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Implementing Collaboration Diagrams and Sequence
Diagrams in C++ ..........................................................................62
Translating State Transition Diagrams into C++..................................68
Translating Activity Diagrams into C++ ..............................................72
Summary................................................................................................76
3 INHERITANCE, POLYMORPHISM, ANDCODEREUSE 77
Benefits of Inheritance..........................................................................78
Object-Oriented Linked Lists................................................................79
Designing the Linked List................................................................79
Implementing the Linked List..........................................................81
Abstract Classes ....................................................................................87
Overriding Pure Virtual Methods ....................................................93
Virtual Destructors ................................................................................94
Polymorphism Through Method Overloading......................................94
Memory Management............................................................................98
Issues in Overloading Other Operators ..............................................103
Assignment Operator......................................................................104
Overloading the Increment Operators............................................107
Virtual Copy Constructors..............................................................111
Multiple Inheritance............................................................................112
Problems in Multiple Inheritance ..................................................113
Multiple Inheritance Versus Containment......................................118
Summary..............................................................................................120
PART II IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES 123
4 MEMORYMANAGEMENT 125
Memory Management and Pointers....................................................127
Memory Leaks................................................................................131
Allocating Arrays............................................................................131
Stray,Dangling,and Wild Pointers................................................133
constPointers ..............................................................................134
constPointers and constMember Functions ............................134
Passing By Reference ....................................................................135
Passing a constPointer................................................................135
Don’t Return a Reference to an Object That Isn’t in Scope..........136
Pointer,Pointer,Who Has the Pointer?..........................................139
Pointers and Exceptions......................................................................140
Using Auto Pointers........................................................................146
Reference Counting........................................................................152
Summary..............................................................................................167
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5 HOWTOUSEFRAMEWORKS 169
The Microsoft Foundation Classes......................................................170
Getting Started................................................................................170
Other Wizards ................................................................................174
Gaining Perspective ............................................................................175
Application Architecture................................................................175
Multithreading................................................................................175
Cooperative Versus Preemptive Multithreading ............................176
Issues in Preemptive Multithreading ..................................................177
A Brief Case Study..............................................................................178
Creating Threads............................................................................179
Utility Classes......................................................................................199
String Manipulation Classes..........................................................199
Time Classes..................................................................................199
Documents and Views..........................................................................201
Views..............................................................................................201
Summary..............................................................................................215
6 STANDARDTEMPLATELIBRARYCONTAINERCLASSES 217
Defining and Instantiating Templates..................................................218
Defining and Instantiating Function Templates ............................218
Defining and Instantiating Class Templates ..................................219
Understanding Sequence Containers ..................................................221
The Vector Container......................................................................221
The List Container..........................................................................240
The Deque Container......................................................................253
Understanding Stacks..........................................................................255
Understanding Queues ........................................................................259
Priority Queues ..............................................................................262
Understanding Associative Containers................................................263
The Map Container........................................................................263
The Multimap Container................................................................277
The Set Container ..........................................................................279
The Multiset Container..................................................................280
Considering Performance Issues..........................................................280
Using the Standard C++ Library ........................................................282
Designing Element Types....................................................................283
Summary..............................................................................................284
7 STL ITERATORSANDALGORITHMS 285
Iterator Classes....................................................................................286
Position Within a Container ..........................................................286
Types of Iterators In and Out of Containers..................................286
Base Iterator Class..........................................................................287
Input Iterators ................................................................................289
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Output Iterators..............................................................................290
Forward Iterators............................................................................291
Bidirectional Iterators ....................................................................291
Random Access Iterators................................................................291
Iterator Operations..........................................................................291
Standard Iterator Classes................................................................293
Function Objects..................................................................................296
Predicates........................................................................................297
Arithmetic Functions......................................................................298
Algorithm Classes................................................................................299
Non-Mutating Sequence Operations..............................................299
Mutating Sequence Algorithms......................................................311
Sorting and Related Sequence Operations ....................................327
Standard Function Compositions ..................................................352
Summary..............................................................................................360
8 AVOIDINGNAMECLASHESBYUSINGNAMESPACES 361
Functions and Classes Are Resolved by Name ..................................362
Creating a Namespace ........................................................................366
Declaring and Defining Types........................................................367
Defining Functions Outside a Namespace ....................................367
Adding New Members ..................................................................368
Nesting Namespaces......................................................................369
Using a Namespace..............................................................................369
The usingKeyword............................................................................373
The usingDirective......................................................................373
The usingDeclaration..................................................................375
The Namespace Alias..........................................................................376
The Unnamed Namespace ..................................................................377
The Standard Namespace std ............................................................378
Summary..............................................................................................379
9 MANIPULATINGOBJECTTYPESATRUNTIME 381
The typeid()Operator......................................................................382
The type_infoClass ........................................................................383
The Constructor for the type_infoClass....................................383
The Comparison Operators............................................................383
The name()Member Function......................................................385
The before()Member Function..................................................388
The typeid()Operator in Constructors and Destructors............389
Misuses of typeid()....................................................................390
Dynamic Typecasting of Objects........................................................392
The dynamic_cast()Operator..................................................392
The typeid()Versus the dynamic_castOperator..................398
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Other Cast Operators ..........................................................................398
The static_cast()Operator......................................................398
The reinterpret_cast()Operator ..........................................400
When to Use the dynamic_cast(),static_cast(),
or reinterpret_cast()Operator ..........................................401
The const_cast()Operator........................................................401
New Versus Old Typecasting ..............................................................402
Summary..............................................................................................404
10 TUNINGAPPLICATIONPERFORMANCE 405
Inline Functions Outside Class Definitions ........................................406
Avoid Revealing Implementation Code in Distributed Header
Files ..................................................................................................412
Analyzing the Cost of Virtual Functions and Virtual Base Classes....413
Virtual Functions............................................................................414
Virtual Base Classes ......................................................................418
RTTI Trade-Offs..................................................................................422
Managing Memory for Temporary Objects........................................425
Summary..............................................................................................428
PART III MANIPULATING DATA 429
11 RECURSIONANDRECURSIVEDATASTRUCTURES 431
What Is Recursion?..............................................................................432
Fibonacci Numbers:A Recursive Definition ................................432
Stopping the Recursion..................................................................434
Recursive Structures............................................................................435
Traversing a Recursive Structure with a Recursive Function..............437
Recursion Versus Iteration and Tail Recursion....................................441
Tail Recursion................................................................................445
Indirect Recursion................................................................................446
Recursion and the Stack......................................................................447
Debugging Recursive Functions..........................................................449
Summary..............................................................................................449
12 DESIGNINGEFFICIENTSORTINGMETHODS 451
Analyzing the Performance of Algorithms..........................................452
Comparing the Average,Worst,and Best Cases............................453
The Stability of Sorts......................................................................454
Using Additional Storage During Sorting......................................454
The Bubble Sort ..................................................................................455
Analysis of the Bubble Sort ..........................................................457
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