C++: The Complete Reference

1041 Pages·1998·8.769 MB·English

by  Herbert Schildt

C++:
The Complete Reference
Third Edition
About the Author…
HerbSchildtistheleadingauthorityonCand
C++andabest-sellingauthorwhosebooks
havesoldmorethan1.5millioncopies.His
acclaimedCandC++booksincludeTeach
YourselfC,C++fromtheGroundUp,Teach
YourselfC++,C++:TheCompleteReference,
BorlandC++:TheCompleteReference,andC++
Programmer'sReferencetonameafew.
C++:
The Complete Reference
Third Edition
Herbert Schildt
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DOI: 10.1036/0072132930
Contents at a Glance
Part I The Foundation of C++: The C Subset
1 AnOverviewofC ................................ 3
2 Expressions ...................................... 13
3 Statements ....................................... 57
4 ArraysandNull-Terminated Strings ................ 89
5 Pointers ......................................... 113
6 Functions ........................................ 137
7 Structures,Unions,Enumerations,andUser-
Defined Types .................................. 161
8 C-StyleConsoleI/O .............................. 187
9 FileI/O ......................................... 211
10 ThePreprocessorandComments ................... 237
Part II C++
11 AnOverviewofC++ ............................. 255
12 ClassesandObjects ................................ 289
13 Arrays,Pointers,Referencesand theDynamic
AllocationOperators ........................... 327
14 FunctionOverloading,CopyConstructors,
andDefaultArguments ........................ 361
15 OperatorOverloading ............................ 385
v
vi C++: The Complete Reference
16 Inheritance ...................................... 419
17 Virtual FunctionsandPolymorphism .............. 445
18 Templates ...................................... 461
19 ExceptionHandling .............................. 489
20 C++I/O System Basics ........................... 511
21 C++File I/O ..................................... 541
22 Run-Time TypeIDandtheCastingOperators ........ 569
23 Namespaces,ConversionFunctions,and Other
AdvancedTopics ............................... 593
24 Introducing theStandardTemplateLibrary .......... 625
Part III The Standard Function Library
25 TheC-BasedI/OFunctions ........................ 695
26 TheStringandCharacterFunctions ................. 719
27 TheMathematicalFunctions ....................... 733
28 Time,Date,andLocalizationFunctions .............. 743
29 TheDynamicAllocationFunctions .................. 753
30 UtilityFunctions .................................. 757
31 TheWide-CharacterFunctions ..................... 771
Part IV The Standard C++ Class Library
32 TheStandardC++ I/OClasses ..................... 783
33 TheSTLContainerClasses ......................... 807
34 TheSTLAlgorithms ............................... 835
35 STLIterators,Allocators,and FunctionObjects ....... 857
36 TheStringClass .................................. 877
37 TheNumericClasses .............................. 893
38 ExceptionHandlingandMiscellaneousClasses ....... 921
Part V Applying C++
39 Integrating New Classes:ACustom StringClass ...... 931
40 AnObject-OrientedExpression Parser ............... 959
Index ............................................ 995
Contents
Preface.................................................... xxix
PartI
TheFoundation ofC++:The CSubset
1 AnOverviewofC ............................... 3
TheOriginsofC ........................................... 4
CIsaMiddle-LevelLanguage ............................... 4
CIsaStructuredLanguage ................................. 6
CIsaProgrammer'sLanguage .............................. 8
TheFormofaCProgram ................................... 9
TheLibraryandLinking .................................... 10
SeparateCompilation ...................................... 12
Understandingthe.Cand.CPPFileExtensions ................ 12
2 Expressions ..................................... 13
TheFiveBasicDataTypes .................................. 14
vii
viii C++: The Complete Reference
ModifyingtheBasicTypes .................................. 15
IdentifierNames .......................................... 16
Variables ................................................. 17
WhereVariablesAreDeclared ....................... 17
LocalVariables ..................................... 17
FormalParameters ................................. 21
GlobalVariables .................................... 21
AccessModifiers .......................................... 23
const .............................................. 23
volatile ............................................ 24
StorageClassSpecifiers ..................................... 25
extern ............................................. 25
staticVariables ..................................... 27
registerVariables ................................... 29
VariableInitializations ..................................... 31
Constants ................................................. 31
HexadecimalandOctalConstants .................... 32
StringConstants ................................... 33
BackslashCharacterConstants ....................... 33
Operators ................................................. 34
TheAssignmentOperator ........................... 34
TypeConversioninAssignments ..................... 35
MultipleAssignments ............................... 36
ArithmeticOperators ............................... 37
IncrementandDecrement ........................... 37
RelationalandLogicalOperators ..................... 39
BitwiseOperators .................................. 42
The?Operator ..................................... 47
The&and*PointerOperators ....................... 47
TheCompile-TimeOperatorsizeof ................... 49
TheCommaOperator ............................... 50
TheDot(.)andArrow(−>)Operators ................. 51
The[]and()Operators ............................. 51
PrecedenceSummary ............................... 52
Expressions ............................................... 53
OrderofEvaluation ................................. 53
TypeConversioninExpressions ...................... 53
Casts ............................................. 54
SpacingandParentheses ............................ 55
ShorthandAssignments .................................... 56
3 Statements ...................................... 57
TrueandFalseinCandC++ ................................ 58
Contents ix
SelectionStatements ....................................... 59
if ................................................. 59
Nestedifs ......................................... 60
Theif-else-ifLadder ................................ 62
The?Alternative ................................... 63
TheConditionalExpression .......................... 66
switch ............................................ 67
NestedswitchStatements ........................... 70
IterationStatements ........................................ 70
TheforLoop ....................................... 70
forLoopVariations ................................. 72
TheInfiniteLoop ................................... 76
forLoopswithNoBodies ........................... 77
ThewhileLoop .................................... 77
Thedo-whileLoop ................................. 79
DeclaringVariableswithinSelectionandIterationStatements ... 81
JumpStatements .......................................... 82
ThereturnStatement ................................ 82
ThegotoStatement ................................. 83
ThebreakStatement ................................ 83
Theexit()Function ................................. 85
ThecontinueStatement ............................. 86
ExpressionStatements ..................................... 88
BlockStatements .......................................... 88
4 ArraysandNull-Terminated Strings ............... 89
Single-DimensionArrays ................................... 90
GeneratingaPointertoanArray ............................ 92
PassingSingle-DimensionArraystoFunctions ................ 92
Null-TerminatedStrings .................................... 94
Two-DimensionalArrays ................................... 96
ArraysofStrings ................................... 100
MultidimensionalArrays ................................... 101
IndexingPointers .......................................... 102
ArrayInitialization ........................................ 105
UnsizedArrayInitializations ......................... 106
ATic-Tac-ToeExample ..................................... 108
5 Pointers ........................................ 113
WhatArePointers? ........................................ 114
PointerVariables .......................................... 115
ThePointerOperators ...................................... 115
PointerExpressions ........................................ 116