C++ Programming - Wikimedia Upload

684 Pages·2012·3.74 MB·English

C++ Programming
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April22,2012
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Contents
1 ABOUT THE BOOK 3
1.1 FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 GUIDE TO READERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 READER COMMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 C++ A MULTI-PARADIGM LANGUAGE 7
2.1 INTRODUCING C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 WHAT IS A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE? . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3 FUNDAMENTALS FOR GETTING STARTED 41
3.1 THE CODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2 THE COMPILER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.3 VARIABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.4 OPERATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
3.5 TYPE CONVERSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
3.6 CONTROL FLOW STATEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
3.7 FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
3.8 DEBUGGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
3.9 CHAPTER SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
4 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING 385
4.1 STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
4.2 union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
4.3 CLASSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
4.4 COPY CONSTRUCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
4.5 EQUALITY OPERATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
4.6 INEQUALITY OPERATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
4.7 OPERATOR OVERLOADING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
4.8 I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
4.9 CHAPTER SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
III
Contents
5 ADVANCED FEATURES 483
5.1 TEMPLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
5.2 STANDARD TEMPLATE LIBRARY (STL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
5.3 SMART POINTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
5.4 SEMANTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
5.5 EXCEPTION HANDLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
5.6 RUN-TIME TYPE INFORMATION (RTTI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
5.7 CHAPTER SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
6 BEYOND THE STANDARD 537
6.1 RESOURCE ACQUISITION IS INITIALIZATION (RAII) . . . . . 537
6.2 GARBAGE COLLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
6.3 PROGRAMMING PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
6.4 LIBRARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
6.5 BOOST LIBRARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
6.6 CROSS-PLATFORM DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
6.7 SOFTWARE INTERNATIONALIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
6.8 OPTIMIZATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
6.9 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
6.10 MODELING TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
6.11 CHAPTER SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
7 APPENDIX A: INTERNAL REFERENCES 643
8 APPENDIX B: EXTERNAL REFERENCES 645
8.1 REFERENCE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
8.2 COMPILERS AND IDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
8.3 MISC. C++ TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
8.4 LIBRARIES1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
8.5 C++ CODING CONVENTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
8.6 ONLINE C++ BOOKS, GUIDES AND GENERAL INFORMATION . 655
8.7 OTHER (DEAD TREE) BOOKS ON C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
9 CONTRIBUTORS 661
LIST OF FIGURES 675
10 LICENSES 679
10.1 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
10.2 GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
1 Chapter6.3.3onpage584
1
Contents
10.3 GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE . . . . . . . . . . . 681
2
1 About the book
1.1 Foreword
This book covers the C++ programming language, its interactions with software
design and real life use of the language. It is presented as an introductory to ad-
vancecoursebutcanbeusedasreferencebook.
If you are familiar with programming in other languages you may just skim the
GETTING STARTED CHAPTER1. You should not skip the PROGRAMMING
PARADIGMS SECTION2,becauseC++doeshavesomeparticularsthatshouldbe
usefulevenifyoualreadyknowanotherObjectOrientedProgramminglanguage.
TheLANGUAGECOMPARISONSSECTION3providescomparisonsforsomelan-
guage(s)youmayalreadyknow,whichmaybeusefulforveteranprogrammers.
If this is your first contact with programming then read the book from the begin-
ning. BearinmindthattheProgrammingParadigmssectioncanbehardtodigest
if you lack some experience. Do not despair, the relevant points will be extended
asotherconceptsareintroduced. Thatsectionisprovidedsotogiveyouamental
framework, not only to understand C++, but to let you easily adapt to (and from)
otherlanguagesthatmayshareconcepts.
1.2 Guide to readers
This book is a WIKIBOOK4 (EN.WIKIBOOKS.ORG)5, an up-to-date copy of the
workishostedthere.
1 Chapter1.3onpage5
2 Chapter2.2.3onpage16
3 Chapter2.3.6onpage22
4 HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/WIKIBOOK
5 HTTP://EN.WIKIBOOKS.ORG/WIKI/MAIN%20PAGE
3
Aboutthebook
It is organized into different parts, but as this is a work that is always evolving,
thingsmaybemissingorjustnotwheretheyshouldbe, youarefreetobecomea
writerandcontributetofixthingsup...
1.3 Reader comments
If you have comments about the technical accuracy, content, or organization of
thisdocument,pleasetellus(e.g. byusingthe"discussion"pagesorbyemail). Be
suretoincludethesection/titleofthedocumentwithyourcommentsandthedate
ofyourcopyofthebook. Ifyouarereallyconvincedofyourpoint,informationor
correction then become a writer (at Wikibooks) and do it, it can always be rolled
backifsomeonedisagrees.
06
6 HTTP://EN.WIKIBOOKS.ORG/WIKI/CATEGORY%3A
4
Readercomments
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Youcanverifywhohascontributedtothisbookbyexaminingthehistorylogs
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Acknowledgment is given for using some contents from other works like
WIKIPEDIAc, the wikibooks JAVA PROGRAMMINGd and C PROGRAMMINGe
and the C++ REFERENCEf , as from the authors SCOTT WHEELERg,
STEPHEN FERGh andIvorHorton.
Theaboveauthorsreleasetheirworkunderthefollowinglicense:
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holder. Unlessotherwisenoted,mediaandsourcecode usedinthisbookhave
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werenotcreatedbytheaboveauthors. Theauthors,contributors,andlicenses
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Aboutthebook
6
2 C++ a multi-paradigm language
2.1 Introducing C++
(pronounced "see plus plus") is a general-purpose, statically typed, free-
form, multi-paradigm PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE1 supporting procedural pro-
gramming, data abstraction, and generic programming. During the 1990S2, C++
becameoneofthemostpopularcomputerprogramminglanguages.
2.1.1 Historyandstandardization
Figure2: PhotoofBjarneStroustrup,creatorofthe
programminglanguageC++.
1 Chapter2.1.3onpage11
2 HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/1990S
7