C++ Network Programming, Volume I: Mastering Complexity with ACE and Patterns

333 Pages·1.534 MB·English

by  Schmidt, Douglas C;Huston, Stephen D

C++ Network Programming
Volume 1
The C++ In-Depth Series
Bjarne Stroustrup, Editor
“I have made this letter longer than usual, because I lack the time to make it short.”
—BLAISEPASCAL
The advent of the ISO/ANSI C++ standard marked the beginning of a new era for C++
programmers. The standard offers many new facilities and opportunities, but how can a
real-world programmer find the time to discover the key nuggets of wisdom within this
mass of information? The C++ In-Depth Seriesminimizes learning time and confusion by
giving programmers concise, focused guides to specific topics.
Each book in this series presents a single topic, at a technical level appropriate to that
topic. The Series’ practical approach is designed to lift professionals to their next level
of programming skills. Written by experts in the field, these short, in-depth monographs
can be read and referenced without the distraction of unrelated material. The books are
cross-referenced within the Series, and also reference The C++ Programming Languageby
Bjarne Stroustrup.
As you develop your skills in C++, it becomes increasingly important to separate essential
information from hype and glitz, and to find the in-depth content you need in order to grow.
The C++ In-Depth Series provides the tools, concepts, techniques, and new approaches to
C++ that will give you a critical edge.
Titles in the Series
Accelerated C++:Practical Programming by Example, Andrew Koenig and Barbara E. Moo
Applied C++: Practical Techniques for Building Better Software, Philip Romanik and Amy Muntz
The Boost Graph Library: User Guide and Reference Manual, Jeremy G. Siek, Lie-Quan Lee,
and Andrew Lumsdaine
C++ In-Depth Box Set, Bjarne Stroustrup, Andrei Alexandrescu, Andrew Koenig, Barbara
E. Moo, Stanley B. Lippman, and Herb Sutter
C++ Network Programming, Volume 1: Mastering Complexity Using ACE and Patterns, Douglas
C. Schmidt and Stephen D. Huston
C++ Network Programming, Volume 2: Systematic Reuse with ACE and Frameworks, Douglas C.
Schmidt and Stephen D. Huston
Essential C++, Stanley B. Lippman
Exceptional C++: 47 Engineering Puzzles, Programming Problems, and Solutions, Herb Sutter
Modern C++ Design: Generic Programming and Design Patterns Applied, Andrei Alexandrescu
More Exceptional C++: 40 New Engineering Puzzles, Programming Problems, and Solutions,
Herb Sutter
For more information, check out the series Web site at http://www.awprofessional.com/series/indepth/
C++ Network Programming
Volume 1
Mastering Complexity with ACE and Patterns
Douglas C. Schmidt
Stephen D. Huston
Boston San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
London Munich Paris Madrid
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Capetown Sydney Tokyo Singapore Mexico City
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Manyofthedesignationsusedbymanufacturersandsellerstodistinguishtheirproductsareclaimedastrademarks.Wherethose
designationsappearinthisbook,andAddison-Wesleywasawareofatrademarkclaim,thedesignationshavebeenprintedwith
initialcapitallettersorinallcapitals.
Theauthorandpublisherhavetakencareinthepreparationofthisbook,butmakenoexpressedorimpliedwarrantyofanykind
andassumenoresponsibilityforerrorsoromissions.Noliabilityisassumedforincidentalorconsequentialdamagesin
connectionwithorarisingoutoftheuseoftheinformationorprogramscontainedherein.
Thepublisheroffersdiscountsonthisbookwhenorderedinquantityforbulkpurchasesandspecialsales.Formoreinformation,
pleasecontact:
U.S.CorporateandGovernmentSales
[phone]
[e-mail]
ForsalesoutsideoftheU.S.,pleasecontact:
InternationalSales
[e-mail]
VisitAddison-WesleyontheWebatwww.awprofessional.com
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Schmidt,DouglasC.
C++networkprogramming/DouglasC.Schmidt,StephenD.Huston.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Contents:Vol.1.MasteringcomplexitywithACEandpatterns.
ISBN0-201-60464-7(v.1:pbk.)
1.C++(Computerprogramlanguage)2.Object-orientedprogramming(Computer
science)3.Computernetworks.I.Huston,StephenD.II.Title.
QA76.73.C153S3682002
005.2'762-dc21
2001053345
Copyright©2002byAddison-Wesley
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyform,orby
anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorconsentofthepublisher.Printedin
theUnitedStatesofAmerica.PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada.
Forinformationonobtainingpermissionforuseofmaterialfromthiswork,pleasesubmitawrittenrequestto:
PearsonEducation,Inc.
RightsandContractsDepartment
75ArlingtonStreet,Suite300
Boston,MA 02116
Fax:[phone]
ISBN 0201604647
Text printed on recycled paper
456789—OPM—0706050403
4thPrinting,November2004
Contents
List of Figures ix
Foreword xi
About This Book xv
Chapter 0 Design Challenges, Middleware Solutions, and ACE 1
0.1 Challenges of Networked Applications 1
0.2 Networked Application Design Dimensions 5
0.3 Object-Oriented Middleware Solutions 7
0.4 An Overview of the ACE Toolkit 12
0.5 Example: A Networked Logging Service 17
0.6 Summary 19
Part I Object-Oriented Network Programming 21
Chapter 1 Communication Design Dimensions 23
1.1 Connectionless versus Connection-Oriented Protocols 23
1.2 Synchronous versus Asynchronous Message Exchange 26
1.3 Message Passing versus Shared Memory 28
1.4 Summary 31
v
vi CONTENTS
Chapter 2 An Overview of the Socket API 33
2.1 An Overview of Operating System IPC Mechanisms 33
2.2 The Socket API 34
2.3 Limitations of the Socket API 37
2.4 Summary 43
Chapter 3 The ACE Socket Wrapper Facades 45
3.1 Overview 45
3.2 The ACE Addr and ACE INET Addr Classes 49
3.3 The ACE IPC SAP Class 52
3.4 The ACE SOCK Class 54
3.5 The ACE SOCK Connector Class 56
3.6 The ACE SOCK IO and ACE SOCK Stream Classes 60
3.7 The ACE SOCK Acceptor Class 64
3.8 Summary 68
Chapter 4 Implementing the Networked Logging Service 71
4.1 Overview 71
4.2 The ACE Message Block Class 72
4.3 The ACE InputCDR and ACE OutputCDR Classes 76
4.4 The Initial Logging Server 80
4.5 The Client Application 95
4.6 Summary 99
Part II Concurrent Object-Oriented Network
Programming 101
Chapter 5 Concurrency Design Dimensions 103
5.1 Iterative, Concurrent, and Reactive Servers 103
5.2 Processes versus Threads 109
5.3 Process/Thread Spawning Strategies 112
5.4 User, Kernel, and Hybrid Threading Models 114
5.5 Time-Shared and Real-Time Scheduling Classes 119
5.6 Task- versus Message-Based Architectures 121
5.7 Summary 123
CONTENTS vii
Chapter 6 An Overview of Operating System Concurrency
Mechanisms 125
6.1 Synchronous Event Demultiplexing 125
6.2 Multiprocessing Mechanisms 127
6.3 Multithreading Mechanisms 129
6.4 Synchronization Mechanisms 130
6.5 Limitations with OS Concurrency Mechanisms 135
6.6 Summary 137
Chapter 7 The ACE Synchronous Event Demultiplexing
Wrapper Facades 139
7.1 Overview 139
7.2 The ACE Handle Set Class 141
7.3 The ACE Handle Set Iterator Class 147
7.4 The ACE::select() Methods 151
7.5 Summary 157
Chapter 8 The ACE Process Wrapper Facades 159
8.1 Overview 159
8.2 The ACE Process Class 161
8.3 The ACE Process Options Class 165
8.4 The ACE Process Manager Class 169
8.5 Summary 182
Chapter 9 The ACE Threading Wrapper Facades 185
9.1 Overview 185
9.2 The ACE Thread Manager Class 187
9.3 The ACE Sched Params Class 198
9.4 The ACE TSS Class 201
9.5 Summary 205
Chapter 10 The ACE Synchronization Wrapper Facades 207
10.1 Overview 207
10.2 The ACE Guard Classes 209
10.3 The ACE Mutex Classes 212
10.4 The ACE Readers/Writer Lock Classes 218
10.5 The ACE Semaphore Classes 222
10.6 The ACE Condition Variable Classes 229
10.7 Summary 233
viii CONTENTS
Appendix A Design Principles for ACE C++ Wrapper Facades 235
A.1 Overview 235
A.2 Use Wrapper Facades to Enhance Type Safety 236
A.3 Simplify for the Common Case 238
A.4 Use Hierarchies to Enhance Design Clarity and
Extensibility 246
A.5 Hide Platform Differences Whenever Possible 248
A.6 Optimize for Efficiency 255
A.7 Summary 257
Appendix B The Past, Present, and Future of ACE 259
B.1 The Evolution of ACE 259
B.2 The Road Ahead 267
B.3 Concluding Remarks 268
Glossary 269
Bibliography 285
Index 295
List of Figures
0.1 A Stand-alone Application Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
0.2 A Common Networked Application Environment . . . . . . . 3
0.3 Networked Application Design Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . 6
0.4 Object-Oriented Middleware Layers in Context . . . . . . . . 8
0.5 The Layered Architecture of ACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
0.6 Participants in the Networked Logging Service . . . . . . . . . 18
1.1 Alternative Connection Multiplexing Strategies . . . . . . . . 25
1.2 Synchronous versus Asynchronous Messaging Strategies . . 26
1.3 Message Passing versus Shared Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1 Taxonomy of Socket Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.1 The ACE Connection-Oriented Socket Class Relationships . 47
3.2 Taxonomy of the ACE Socket Wrapper Facades . . . . . . . . 48
3.3 Roles in the ACE Socket Wrapper Facade . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.4 The ACE Addr and ACE INET Addr Class Diagrams . . . . . . 51
3.5 The ACE IPC SAP and ACE SOCK Class Diagrams . . . . . . . 54
3.6 The ACE SOCK Connector Class Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.7 The ACE SOCK Stream and ACE SOCK IO Class Diagrams . . . 61
3.8 The ACE SOCK Acceptor Class Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.1 The ACE Message Block Class Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2 Two Kinds of ACE Message Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
ix