C++ For Dummies

435 Pages·2004·7.676 MB·English

by  Stephen R. Davis

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C++
FOR
DUMmIES
‰
5
TH EDITION
by Stephen Randy Davis
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01 568523 FM.qxd 4/5/04 2:00 PM Page i
C++
FOR
DUMmIES
‰
5
TH EDITION
by Stephen Randy Davis
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C++ For Dummies®, 5th Edition
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
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Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774
Copyright © 2004 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
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About the Author

Stephen R. Davis lives with his wife and son near Dallas, Texas. He and
his family have written numerous books including C++ For Dummies and
C++ Weekend Crash Course. Stephen works for L-3 Communications.
Dedication
To my friends and family, who help me be the best Dummy I can be.
Author’s Acknowledgments
I find it very strange that only a single name appears on the cover of any
book, but especially a book like this. In reality, many people contribute to
the creation of a For Dummies book. From the beginning, editorial director
Mary Corder and my agent, Claudette Moore, were involved in guiding and
molding the book’s content. During the development of the five editions of
this book, I found myself hip-deep in edits, corrections, and suggestions from
a group of project editors, copyeditors, and technical reviewers — this book
would have been a poorer work but for their involvement. And nothing would
have made it into print without the aid of the person who coordinated the
first and second editions of the project, Suzanne Thomas. Nevertheless, one
name does appear on the cover and that name must take responsibility for
any inaccuracies in the text.
I also have to thank my wife, Jenny, and son, Kinsey, for their patience and
devotion. I hope we manage to strike a reasonable balance.
Finally, a summary of the animal activity around my house. For those of you
who have not read any of my other books, I should warn you that this has
become a regular feature of my For Dummies books.
My two dogs, Scooter and Trude, continue to do well, although Trude is all
but blind now. Our two mini-Rex rabbits, Beavis and Butt-head, passed on to
the big meadow in the sky after living in our front yard for almost a year and
a half.
If you would like to contact me concerning C++ programming, semi-blind dogs,
or free-roaming rabbits, feel free to drop me a line at [email protected].
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Publisher’s Acknowledgments
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Cartoons: Rich Tennant, www.the5thwave.com
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Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services
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Table of Contents

Introduction ..................................................................1
What’s in This Book .........................................................................................1
What’s on the CD..............................................................................................2
What Is C++?......................................................................................................2
Conventions Used in This Book .....................................................................2
How This Book Is Organized...........................................................................3
And There’s More.............................................................................................4
Part I: Introduction to C++ Programming ......................................................4
Part II: Becoming a Functional C++ Programmer .........................................4
Part III: Introduction to Classes......................................................................5
Part IV: Inheritance ..........................................................................................5
Part V: Optional Features ................................................................................5
Part VI: The Part of Tens .................................................................................5
Icons Used in This Book..................................................................................6
Where to Go from Here....................................................................................6
Part I: Introduction to C++ Programming ........................7
Chapter 1: Writing Your First C++ Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Grasping C++ Concepts .................................................................................10
What’s a program?................................................................................10
How do I program? ...............................................................................11
Installing Dev-C++...........................................................................................12
Setting the options ...............................................................................15
Creating Your First C++ Program..................................................................16
Entering the C++ code..........................................................................17
Building your program.........................................................................18
Executing Your Program................................................................................20
Dev-C++ is not Windows ......................................................................21
Dev-C++ help .........................................................................................21
Reviewing the Annotated Program ..............................................................21
Examining the framework for all C++ programs ...............................22
Clarifying source code with comments .............................................22
Basing programs on C++ statements .................................................23
Writing declarations.............................................................................24
Generating output ................................................................................25
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C++ For Dummies, 5th Edition
Calculating Expressions ................................................................................25
Storing the results of expression........................................................26
Examining the remainder of Conversion.cpp ...................................26
Chapter 2: Declaring Variables Constantly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Declaring Variables ........................................................................................27
Declaring Different Types of Variables ........................................................28
Reviewing the limitations of integers in C++.....................................29
Solving the truncation problem..........................................................30
Looking at the limits of floating-point numbers ...............................31
Declaring Variable Types...............................................................................33
Types of constants ...............................................................................34
Special characters ................................................................................35
Are These Calculations Really Logical?.......................................................36
Mixed Mode Expressions ..............................................................................36
Chapter 3: Performing Mathematical Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Performing Simple Binary Arithmetic .........................................................40
Decomposing Expressions ............................................................................41
Determining the Order of Operations .........................................................42
Performing Unary Operations ......................................................................43
Using Assignment Operators........................................................................45
Chapter 4: Performing Logical Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Why Mess with Logical Operations?............................................................47
Using the Simple Logical Operators ............................................................48
Storing logical values ...........................................................................49
Using logical int variables ...................................................................51
Be careful performing logical operations

on floating-point variables...............................................................51
Expressing Binary Numbers .........................................................................53
The decimal number system ..............................................................54
Other number systems ........................................................................54
The binary number system.................................................................54
Performing Bitwise Logical Operations.......................................................56
The single bit operators ......................................................................57
Using the bitwise operators ................................................................58
A simple test.........................................................................................59
Do something logical with logical calculations ................................60
Chapter 5: Controlling Program Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Controlling Program Flow with the Branch Commands ...........................61
Executing Loops in a Program......................................................................63
Looping while a condition is true.......................................................64
Using the autoincrement/autodecrement feature............................65
Using the for loop.................................................................................67
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Table of Contents
Avoiding the dreaded infinite loop.....................................................69
Applying special loop controls ...........................................................70
Nesting Control Commands..........................................................................73
Switching to a Different Subject? .................................................................74
Part II: Becoming a Functional C++ Programmer...........77
Chapter 6: Creating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Writing and Using a Function .......................................................................79
Defining the sumSequence( ) function...............................................81
Calling the function sumSequence( ) .................................................82
Divide and conquer ..............................................................................82
Understanding the Details of Functions......................................................83
Understanding simple functions ........................................................84
Understanding functions with arguments.........................................85
Overloading Function Names .......................................................................87
Defining Function Prototypes.......................................................................89
Variable Storage Types ..................................................................................91
Including Include Files...................................................................................91
Chapter 7: Storing Sequences in Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
Considering the Need for Arrays .................................................................93
Using an array .......................................................................................95
Initializing an array...............................................................................98
Accessing too far into an array...........................................................99
Using arrays ..........................................................................................99
Defining and using arrays of arrays .................................................100
Using Arrays of Characters.........................................................................100
Creating an array of characters........................................................100
Creating a string of characters .........................................................101
Manipulating Strings with Character.........................................................103
String-ing Along Variables ...........................................................................106
Chapter 8: Taking a First Look at C++ Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Variable Size..................................................................................................109
What’s in an Address? .................................................................................110
Address Operators.......................................................................................111
Using Pointer Variables ...............................................................................112
Comparing pointers and houses ......................................................114
Using different types of pointers......................................................114
Passing Pointers to Functions ....................................................................117
Passing by value .................................................................................117
Passing pointer values.......................................................................118
Passing by reference ..........................................................................119