BULLETPROOF WIRELESS SECURITY: GSM, UMTS, 802.11, and Ad Hoc Security (Communications Engineering)

274 Pages·2005·3.44 MB·English

by  Praphul Chandra

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Bulletproof Wireless Security

Bulletproof Wireless Security
GSM, UMTS, 802.11 and Ad Hoc Security

By
Praphul Chandra
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier
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ISBN: 0-7506-7746-5
For information on all Newnes publications,
visit our website at www.books.elsevier.com.
05 06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
This book is dedicated—
To my parents,
whose love, support and example
have helped me reach my goals;
and
To my wife, Shilpy,
whose cheerful patience and
constant encouragement
made this book possible.

Contents
Preface ..............................................................................................................xi
“... but where does the voice go?” ......................................................................................xi
A Brief History of Wireless ..............................................................................................xii
A Brief History of Security ..............................................................................................xiv
Moving On .....................................................................................................................xxii
Reading Conventions .....................................................................................................xxiii
How to Read this Book? ................................................................................................xxiii
Acknowledgments .............................................................................................xxv
Acronyms .......................................................................................................xxvii
About the Author .......................................................................................... xxxiii
Chapter 1: Security and Cryptography ...................................................................1
1.1 What is Security? ..........................................................................................................1
1.2 Cryptography ................................................................................................................3
1.2.1 Confidentiality .....................................................................................................3
1.2.2 Integrity ................................................................................................................9
1.2.3 Authentication ....................................................................................................11
1.2.4 Replay Protection and Nonrepudiation ..............................................................13
1.3 Cryptanalysis ..............................................................................................................13
1.4 Block Ciphers .............................................................................................................14
1.4.1 Using the Ciphers: The Modes ..........................................................................15
1.5 Stream Ciphers ............................................................................................................18
1.6 How Secure is Cryptography? ....................................................................................22
1.6.1 Strength of a Cipher ...........................................................................................22
1.6.2 Key-Length: How Long is Secure? ....................................................................23
1.7 Beyond Cryptography .................................................................................................24
1.7.1 Firewalls .............................................................................................................24
1.7.2 Denial of Service Attacks ..................................................................................25
1.7.3 Code Security .....................................................................................................26
1.7.4 Steganography ....................................................................................................27
1.8 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................28
Chapter 2: Network Security Protocols .................................................................29
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................29
2.2 Key Establishment Protocols ......................................................................................29
2.2.1 Key Generation in SKC .....................................................................................30
vii
Contents
2.2.2 Key Distribution in SKC ....................................................................................30
2.2.3 Key Establishment in PKC ................................................................................31
2.2.4 Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange ...........................................................................33
2.2.5 Enhanced Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange ..........................................................35
2.2.6 RSA ....................................................................................................................35
2.3 Authentication Protocols .............................................................................................38
2.3.1 Address-Based Authentication ...........................................................................38
2.3.2 Passwords for Local Authentication (Login) .....................................................39
2.3.3 Passwords for Network Authentication .............................................................41
2.3.4 Authentication Using SKC .................................................................................42
2.3.5 Authentication Using PKC .................................................................................47
2.3.6 What to Use for Authentication: SKC or PKC? .................................................48
2.3.7 Session Hijacking ..............................................................................................49
2.3.8 Needham Schroeder ...........................................................................................51
2.3.9 Kerberos .............................................................................................................52
2.4 Encryption Protocols ...................................................................................................54
2.4.1 DES ....................................................................................................................56
2.4.2 TripleDES or 3DES ...........................................................................................56
2.4.3 AES ....................................................................................................................59
2.4.4 RC4 ....................................................................................................................60
2.5 Integrity Protocols .......................................................................................................61
2.5.1 CBC Residue ......................................................................................................61
2.5.2 CRC32 ...............................................................................................................62
2.5.3 MD5 ...................................................................................................................63
Chapter 3: Security and the Layered Architecture ..................................................67
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................67
3.2 Security at Layer 1 ......................................................................................................68
3.3 Security at Layer 2 ......................................................................................................69
3.3.1 Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) ........................................................69
3.3.2 EAPoL: EAP Over LAN ....................................................................................72
3.3.3 EAP-TLS: TLS Handshake Over EAP ..............................................................73
3.4 Security at Layer 3 ......................................................................................................75
3.5 Security at Layer 4: SSL/TLS .....................................................................................80
3.6 Security at Layer 5+ ....................................................................................................84
Chapter 4: Voice-Oriented Wireless Networks ......................................................85
4.1 The Wireless Medium .................................................................................................86
4.1.1 Radio Propagation Effects .................................................................................86
4.1.2 Hidden Terminal Problem ..................................................................................88
4.1.3 Exposed Terminal Problem ................................................................................89
4.1.4 Bandwidth ..........................................................................................................89
4.1.5 Other Constraints ..............................................................................................90
4.2 The Cellular Architecture ............................................................................................90
4.3 TWNs: First Generation ..............................................................................................93
4.3.1 Addresses in AMPS ...........................................................................................96
viii
Contents
4.3.2 Call Setup in AMPS ...........................................................................................97
4.4 TWNs: Second Generation .........................................................................................98
4.4.1 Addresses in GSM ...........................................................................................102
4.4.2 Call Setup in GSM ...........................................................................................103
4.5 TWNs: Third Generation ..........................................................................................104
4.5.1 Connection Setup in UMTS .............................................................................106
4.6 The Overall Picture ...................................................................................................107
Chapter 5: Data-Oriented Wireless Networks .....................................................109
5.1 WLANs .....................................................................................................................109
5.1.1: Addresses in 802.11 ........................................................................................114
5.1.2 Connection Setup in 802.11 .............................................................................114
5.1.3 Media Access ...................................................................................................117
5.1.4 Spectrum Efficiency in 802.11 .........................................................................120
5.2 MANETs ...................................................................................................................121
5.2.1 MAC for MANETs ..........................................................................................123
5.2.2 Routing in MANETs. .......................................................................................124
5.2.3 Address Allocation in MANETs ......................................................................126
5.2.4 Security in MANETs .......................................................................................127
5.3 Wireless Networks in the Near Future ......................................................................127
Chapter 6: Security in Traditional Wireless Networks ..........................................129
6.1 Security in First Generation TWNs ..........................................................................129
6.2 Security in Second Generation TWNs ......................................................................129
6.2.1 Anonymity in GSM ..........................................................................................130
6.2.2 Key Establishment in GSM .............................................................................131
6.2.3 Authentication in GSM ...................................................................................132
6.2.4 Confidentiality in GSM ....................................................................................136
6.2.5 What’s Wrong with GSM Security? ................................................................137
6.3 Security in 2.5 Generation TWNs .............................................................................140
6.3.1 WAP ................................................................................................................142
6.3.2 Code Security ...................................................................................................144
6.4 Security in 3G TWNs ...............................................................................................144
6.4.1 Anonymity in UMTS .......................................................................................144
6.4.2 Key Establishment in UMTS ...........................................................................146
6.4.3 Authentication in UMTS ..................................................................................146
6.4.4 Confidentiality in UMTS .................................................................................150
6.4.5 Integrity Protection in UMTS ..........................................................................151
6.4.6 Putting the Pieces Together ..............................................................................152
6.4.7 Network Domain Security ...............................................................................155
6.5 Summary ...................................................................................................................158
Chapter 7: Security in Wireless Local Area Networks ..........................................159
7.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................159
7.2 Key Establishment in 802.11 ....................................................................................160
7.2.1 What’s Wrong? ................................................................................................160
7.3 Anonymity in 802.11 ................................................................................................161
ix