MuhammadMusaddiqueAliRafique BulkMetallicGlassesandTheirComposites Also of Interest AdvancedAerospaceMaterials. Aluminum-BasedandCompositeStructures HaimAbramovich, ISBN----,e-ISBN(PDF)----, e-ISBN(EPUB)---- AdvancedCompositesVolume: Nanocomposites. Materials,ManufacturingandEngineering J.PauloDavim,ConstantinosA.Charitidis(Eds.), ISBN----,e-ISBN(PDF)---- AdvancedCompositesVolume: BiomedicalComposites. Materials,ManufacturingandEngineering J.PauloDavim(Ed.), ISBN----,e-ISBN(PDF)---- AdvancedCompositesVolume: CeramicMatrixComposites. Materials,ManufacturingandEngineering J.PauloDavim(Ed.), ISBN----,e-ISBN(PDF)----, e-ISBN(EPUB)---- AdvancedCompositesVolume: PolymersandCompositesManufacturing. KaushikKumar,J.PauloDavim(Eds.), ISBN----,e-ISBN(PDF)----, e-ISBN(EPUB)---- AdvancedCompositesVolume: GlassFibre-ReinforcedPolymerComposites. Materials,ManufacturingandEngineering JalumediBabu,J.PauloDavim(Eds.), ISBN----,e-ISBN(PDF)----, e-ISBN(EPUB)---- Muhammad Musaddique Ali Rafique Bulk Metallic Glasses and Their Composites Additive Manufacturing and Modeling and Simulation 2nd Edition Author Dr.MuhammadMusaddiqueAliRafique EasternEngineeringSolutions 77MassachusettsAvenue Cambridge02139 USA [email protected] ISBN978-3-11-074721-8 e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-074723-2 e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-074741-6 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2021942893 BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie; detailedbibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de. ©2021WalterdeGruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston Coverimage:R_Type/iStock/GettyImagesPlus Typesetting:IntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd. Printingandbinding:CPIbooksGmbH,Leck www.degruyter.com The author would like to dedicate this work to Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham(c965–c1040). (fatherofmodernoptics) Contents Section1 Researchsignificanceandbackground 1 Section2 Bulkmetallicglasses(BMGs)andbulkmetallicglassmatrixcomposites (BMGMCs) 5 2.1 Metallicglasses(MG)andbulkmetallicglasses (BMGs)/monoliths 5 2.2 Threelaws 5 2.3 Classification–variousapproaches 6 2.3.1 Basedonelementsandtheirtypes 7 2.4 Importantcharacteristics 8 2.4.1 Glass-formingability 8 2.4.2 Metastability 11 2.5 Limitations 11 2.6 DuctileBMG 12 2.7 Ductilebulkmetallicglassmatrixcomposites 13 2.8 Productionmethods–mechanismsperspective 14 2.8.1 Liquid–solidtransformation(solidification) 14 2.8.2 Solid–solid(S–S)transformation(devitrification) 23 2.9 Productionmethod–processperspective 24 2.9.1 Twin-rollcasting 24 2.9.2 Cumold(suction)casting 25 2.9.3 Semisolidprocessing 26 2.9.4 High-pressurediecasting 27 2.9.5 Continuouscasting 29 2.9.6 Squeezecasting 29 2.9.7 Injectionmolding 30 2.9.8 Centrifugalcasting 31 2.9.9 Frictionstirwelding 31 2.9.10 Joining 32 2.9.11 Foams 34 2.9.12 Thinfilms 35 2.9.13 Additivemanufacturing 36 2.10 Modelalloys 39 2.10.1 Commonphasesandmicrostructures 40 2.10.2 Mechanicalproperties 45 2.11 Veryrecenttrends,approachesandtriumphs 47 VIII Contents 2.11.1 Understandingstructure 47 2.11.2 Shearbands 51 2.11.3 High-entropymetallicglass 52 2.11.4 Nanoglasses 52 2.11.5 Corrosionbehavior 53 2.11.6 ShapememoryBMG 53 2.11.7 Limitations/researchgap–newfindings 53 2.11.8 Presentresearch–advancementsincethefirstedition 54 Section3 Additivemanufacturing(AM) 57 3.1 Whyadditivemanufacturing(AM)? 57 3.2 Abriefhistoryofadditivemanufacturing 57 3.3 Principlesofadditivemanufacturing 58 3.3.1 Laserprocesses 58 3.3.2 Electronbeammelting 67 3.4 Characteristicsofprocess 69 3.4.1 LBLformation 69 3.4.2 Rapidcooling 71 3.4.3 Assimilationoffreevolume 71 3.4.4 Insituheattreatment 71 3.5 Bulkmetallicglassesbyadditivemanufacturing 72 3.6 Bulkmatrixglassmatrixcompositesbyadditive manufacturing 72 Section4 Modelingandsimulation 77 4.1 Whymodelingandsimulation? 77 4.2 Capabilities/powersandlimitations 77 4.3 Typesofmodelingandsimulation 78 4.3.1 Energyminimization 78 4.3.2 Moleculardynamicsimulations 78 4.3.3 MonteCarlosimulations 79 4.3.4 Miscellaneousmethods 79 4.4 Modelingandsimulationofnucleation(microstructuralevolution) insolidification 80 4.5 Large-/part-scalemodeling 81 4.5.1 Analyticalmodeling 82 4.5.2 Computationalmodeling 83 4.6 Atomic-scale(atomistic)modeling 89 4.6.1 Classicalmoleculardynamics 90 Contents IX 4.6.2 MonteCarlosimulations 90 4.6.3 Abinitiomethods/firstprinciplecalculations 91 4.6.4 Interatomicpotential/forcefields 94 4.7 Veryrecenttrends/futureoutlook 97 Section5 Modelingandsimulationofsolidificationphenomenaduringprocessing ofBMGMCbyadditivemanufacturing(AM) 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Modelingandsimulationofheattransferinliquidmelt pool–solidification 99 5.2.1 Generationofheat(lasermatterinteraction) 100 5.2.2 Assimilationofheat(meltingandstageofsolidification) 102 5.3 Modelingandsimulationofnucleation(heterogeneous)inliquid meltpool–microstructuraldevelopment 107 5.3.1 Macroscopicmodels 108 5.3.2 Microscopicmodelsofmicrostructureevolution/formationduring solidification 108 5.3.3 Evolutionofprobabilisticmodels 111 5.3.4 Two-dimensionalCellularAutomation(CA)method 113 AppendixA:Heterogeneousnucleationandgrowthinveryfluidalloys (asperCNT)[1064] 117 AppendixB:ColumnartoEquiaxedTransition(CET) 121 Comparison 123 Researchgap 129 Overallaims/researchquestions 131 Methodology 133 References 139 Exercise 191 Designproblems 193 Index 195