Building with Earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable

198 Pages·2007·21.02 MB·English

by  Gernot Minke Birkhauser

Building with Earth
1 Introduction
Gernot Minke
Building with Earth
Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture
Birkhäuser – Publishers for Architecture
Basel · Berlin · Boston
3 Appendices
Preface 7 6 Working with earthen blocks 61
History 61
I The technology of earth building Production of earth blocks 62
Material composition 65
1 Introduction 11 Laying earth blocks 65
History 11 Surface treatment 66
Earth as a building material: the essentials 13 Fixing fasteners to walls 67
Improving indoor climate 15 Lightweight loam blocks 67
Prejudices against earth as a building material 18 Special acoustic green bricks 68
2 The properties of earth as a building material 19 7 Large blocks and prefabricated panels 69
Composition 19 Large blocks 69
Tests used to analyse the composition of loam 21 Prefabricated wall panels 70
Effects of water 24 Floor slabs 70
Effects of vapour 29 Floor tiles 71
Influence of heat 31 Extruded loam slabs 71
Strength 32
pH-value 35 8 Direct forming with wet loam 72
Radioactivity 35 Traditional wet loam techniques 72
Shelter against high-frequency electromagnetic The “Dünne loam loaf” technique 74
radiation 35 The stranglehmtechnique 75
3 Preparing of loam 36 9 Wet loam infill in skeleton structures 80
Soaking, crushing and mixing 36 Thrown loam 80
Sieving 38 Sprayed loam 80
Mechanical slurrying 38 Rolls and bottles of straw loam 81
Water Curing 38 Lightweight loam infill 82
Thinning 38 Infill with stranglehmand earth-filled hoses 82
4 Improving the earth’s characteristics 10 Tamped, poured or pumped lightweight loam 83
by special treatment or additives 39 Formwork 83
Reduction of shrinkage cracks 39 Tamped lightweight straw loam walls 83
Stabilisation against water erosion 40 Tamped lightweight wood loam walls 84
Enhancement of binding force 42 Tamped, poured or pumped lightweight
Increasing compressive strength 43 mineral loam walls 85
Strength against abrasion 47 Pumped lightweight mineral loam floors 88
Increasing thermal insulation 47 Loam-filled hollow blocks 89
Loam-filled hoses 90
5 Rammed earthworks 52
Formwork 53 11 Loam plasters 92
Tools 54 Preparation of ground 92
Method of construction 55 Composition of loam plaster 92
Shaping of openings 55 Guidelines for plastering earth walls 94
New wall construction techniques 56 Sprayed plaster 95
Rammed earth domes 59 Lightweight mineral loam plaster 95
Drying 59 Thrown plaster 95
Labour input 60 Plastered straw bale houses 95
Thermal insulation 60 Wet formed plaster 96
Surface treatment 60 Protection of corners 96
4 Appendices
12 Weather protection of loam surfaces 98 Residence and studio at Gallina Canyon,
Consolidating the surface 98 New Mexico, USA 162
Paints 98 Residence at Des Montes, near Taos,
Making surfaces water-repellent 101 New Mexico, USA 164
Lime plasters 101 Casita Nuaanarpoq at Taos, New Mexico, USA 166
Shingles, planks and other covers 103 Residence and office at Bowen Mountain,
Structural methods 103 New South Wales, Australia 167
Vineyard Residence at Mornington Peninsula,
13 Repair of loam components 104 Victoria, Australia 168
The occurrence of damage in loam components 104 Residence, Helensville, New Zealand 170
Repair of cracks and joints with loam fillers 104 Residence, São Francisco Xavier, Brazil 172
Repair of cracks and joints with other fillers 105
Repairing larger areas of damage 105 Cultural, Educational and Sacral Buildings
Retrofitting thermal insulation with lightweight loam 106 Panafrican Institute for Development, Ouagadougou,
Burkina Faso 174
14 Designs of particular building elements 107 Office building, New Delhi, India 176
Joints 107 School at Solvig, Järna, Sweden 178
Particular wall designs 108 Kindergarten, Sorsum, Germany 180
Intermediate floors 110 Cultural Centre, La Paz, Bolivia 182
Rammed earth floorings 112 Mosque, Wabern, Germany 183
Inclined roofs filled with lightweight loam 115 Druk White Lotus School, Ladakh, India 184
Earth-covered roofs 115 Mii amo Spa at Sedona, Arizona, USA 186
Earth block vaults and domes 117 Tourist resort at Baird Bay, Eyre Peninsula,
Earthen storage wall in winter gardens 131 South Australia 188
Loam in bathrooms 132 Charles Sturt University at Thurgoona,
Built-in furniture and sanitary objects from loam 133 New South Wales, Australia 189
Wall heating systems 134 Youth Centre at Spandau, Berlin, Germany 190
Passive solar wall heating system 134 Chapel of Reconciliation, Berlin, Germany 192
Center of Gravity Foundation Hall at Jemez Springs,
15 Earthquake-resistant building 135 New Mexico, USA 194
Structural measures 136
Openings for doors and windows 140
Bamboo-reinforced rammed earth walls 141 Future prospects 196
Domes 144 Measures 197
Vaults 145 Bibliographical references 198
Textile walls with loam infill 147 Acknowledgements 199
Illustration credits 199
II Built examples
Residences
Two semi-deatched houses, Kassel, Germany 150
Residence cum office, Kassel, Germany 153
Farmhouse, Wazipur, India 156
Honey House at Moab, Utah, USA 157
Three-family house, Stein on the Rhine,
Switzerland 158
Residence, La Paz, Bolivia 160
Residence, Turku, Finland 161
5 Appendices
Preface
Written in response to an increasing world- experience he gathered in the course of
wide interest in building with earth, this designing earth buildings in a number of
handbook deals with earth as a building countries have also found their way into this
material, and provides a survey of all of its book.
applications and construction techniques,
including the relevant physical data, while This volume is loosely based on the German
explaining its specific qualities and the pos- publication Dasneue Lehmbau-Handbuch
sibilities of optimising them. No theoretical (Publisher: Ökobuch Verlag, Staufen), first
treatise, however, can substitute for practical published in 1994 and now in its sixth
experience involving actually building with edition. Of this publication a Spanish and
earth. The data and experiences and the a Russian edition have also appeared.
specific realisations of earth construction
contained in this volume may be used as While this is first and foremost a technical
guidelines for a variety of construction book, the introductory chapter also provides
processes and possible applications by engi- the reader with a short survey on the history
neers, architects, entrepreneurs, craftsmen of earth architecture. In addition it describes
and public policy-makers who find them- the historical and future roles of earth as a
selves attempting, either from desire or building material, and lists all of the signifi-
necessity, to come to terms with humanity’s cant characteristics that distinguish earth
oldest building material. from common industrialised building materi-
als. A major recent discovery, that earth can
Earth as a building material comes in a be used to balance indoor climate, is
thousand different compositions, and can explained in greater detail.
be variously processed. Loam, or clayey soil,
as it is referred to scientifically, has different The book’s final chapter deserves special
names when used in various applications, mention insofar as it depicts a number of
for instance rammed earth, soil blocks, mud representative earth buildings from various
bricks or adobe. regions of the world. These constructions
demonstrate the impressive versatility of
Next page Minaret of This book documents the results of experi- earth architecture and the many different
the Al-Mihdar Mosque ments and research conducted continuously uses of the building material earth.
in Tarim, Yemen; it is
at the Forschungslabor für Experimentelles
38 m high and built of
Bauen (Building Research Institute) at the Kassel, February 2006
handmade adobes
University of Kassel in Germany since 1978. Gernot Minke
Moreover, the specialised techniques which
the author developed and the practical
7 Preface

I The technology of earth building
9 Appendices
1 Introduction
ly from the building site when excavating
foundations or basements. In the industri-
alised countries, careless exploitation of
resources and centralised capital combined
with energy-intensive production is not only
wasteful; it also pollutes the environment
and increases unemployment. In these
countries, earth is being revived as a build-
ing material.
Increasingly, people when building homes
demand energy- and cost-effective build-
ings that emphasise a healthy, balanced
indoor climate. They are coming to realise
that mud, as a natural building material, is
superior to industrial building materials such
1.1 as concrete, brick and lime-sandstone.
1.1 Storage rooms, In nearly all hot-arid and temperate climates, Newly developed, advanced earth building
temple of Ramses II, earth has always been the most prevalent techniques demonstrate the value of earth
Gourna, Egypt
building material. Even today, one third of not only in do-it-yourself construction, but
the human population resides in earthen also for industrialised construction involving
houses; in developing countries this figure is contractors.
more than one half. It has proven impossible This handbook presents the basic theoret-
to fulfil the immense requirements for shel- ical data concerning this material, and it pro-
ter in the developing countries with industri- vides the necessary guidelines, based on
al building materials, i.e. brick, concrete and scientific research and practical experience,
steel, nor with industrialised construction for applying it in a variety of contexts.
techniques. Worldwide, no region is en-
dowed with the productive capacity or
financial resources needed to satisfy this History
demand. In the developing countries,
requirements for shelter can be met only Earth construction techniques have been
by using local building materials and relying known for over 9000 years. Mud brick
on do-it-yourself construction techniques. (adobe) houses dating from 8000 to 6000
Earth is the most important natural building BC have been discovered in Russian Turke-
material, and it is available in most regions stan (Pumpelly, 1908). Rammed earth foun-
of the world. It is frequently obtained direct- dations dating from ca. 5000 BC have been
11 Introduction
1.2 Fortified city,
Draa valley, Morocco
1.3 Citadel of Bam,
Iran, before earth-
quake of Dec. 2003
1.2
discovered in Assyria. Earth was used as the
building material in all ancient cultures, not
only for homes, but for religious buildings as
well. Illustration 1.1shows vaults in the Tem-
ple of Ramses II at Gourna, Egypt, built from
mud bricks 3200 years ago. Illustration 1.2
shows the citadel of Bam in Iran, parts of
which are ca. 2500 years old; 1.3shows
a fortified city in the Draa valley in Morocco,
which is around 250 years old.
The 4000-year-old Great Wall of China was
originally built solely of rammed earth; only
a later covering of stones and bricks gave
it the appearance of a stone wall. The core
of the Sun Pyramid in Teotihuacan, Mexico,
built between the 300 and 900 AD, consists
of approximately 2 million tons of rammed
1.3
earth.
Many centuries ago, in dry climatic zones walls in northern Europe, found in the Heu-
where wood is scarce, construction tech- neburg Fort near Lake Constance, Germany
niques were developed in which buildings (1.8) dates back to the 6th century BC. We
were covered with mud brick vaults or know from the ancient texts of Pliny that
domes without formwork or support during there were rammed earth forts in Spain by
construction. Illustration 1.6shows the the end of the year 100 BC.
bazaar quarter of Sirdjan in Persia, which is In Mexico, Central America and South
covered by such domes and vaults. In China, America, adobe buildings are known in
twenty million people live in underground nearly all pre-Columbian cultures. The
houses or caves that were dug in the silty rammed earth technique was also known in
soil. many areas, while the Spanish conquerors
Bronze Age discoveries have established brought it to others. Illustration 1.7shows
that in Germany earth was used as an infill a rammed earth finca in the state of São
in timber-framed houses or to seal walls Paulo, Brazil, which is 250 years old.
made of tree trunks. Wattle and daub was In Africa, nearly all early mosques are built
also used. The oldest example of mud brick from earth. Illustration 1.9shows one from
12 Introduction