Building the Inclusive City: Theory and Practice for Confronting Urban Segregation PDF
Preview Building the Inclusive City: Theory and Practice for Confronting Urban Segregation
Building the Inclusive City Social segregation is one of the main challenges facing urban development aroundtheglobe.Theusualoutcomeofmanyurbandevelopmentpatterns isanunequalsocialgeography,withthepoorlivinginlargeclustersthatare remote,isolated,dangerousorunhealthy.Theresultisinequalityinanumber of dimensions of urban life, from deficient urban access, services or infra- structuretosocialisolation,neighbourhoodviolence,andlackofeconomic opportunity. This book brings together debates on ethnic and economic segregation, combiningtheoryandpracticalsolutionstocreateaguideforthosetryingto understand and address urban segregation in any part of the world, and integrateamelioratingpoliciestocontemporaryurbandevelopmentagendas. NilsonArielEspinoisalectureratMcGillUniversity’sPanamaFieldStudy Semester,andattheCentralAmericanMaster’sProgramforConservationof Cultural Heritage for Development, at the University of Panama. He also directs Panama City’s Urban Forum and Observatory and is a practicing architect and urban planner. He holds a bachelor’s degree in architecture from Santa María La Antigua Catholic University, a master’s in urban planningfromtheUniversityofArizona,andaPh.D.insocialandcultural anthropologyfromRiceUniversity. Routledge Research in Planning and Urban Design Series editor: Peter Ache RadboudUniversityNijmegen,Netherlands Routledge Research in Planning and Urban Design is a series of academic monographs for scholars working in these disciplines and the overlaps between them. Building on Routledge’s history of academic rigour and cutting-edge research, the series contributes to the rapidly expanding literatureinallareasofplanningandurbandesign. Brand-DrivenCityBuildingandtheVirtualizingofSpace AlexanderGutzmer DeconstructingPlacemaking MahyarArefi TheEmptyPlace Democracyandpublicspace TeresaHoskyns DealingwithDeindustrialization AdaptiveresilienceinAmericanmidwesternregions MargaretCowell PublicSpaceandRelationalPerspectives Newchallengesforarchitectureandplanning ChiaraTornaghiandSabineKnierbein HeteroglossicAsia ThetransformationofurbanTaiwan FrancisChia-HuiLin BuildingtheInclusiveCity Theoryandpracticeforconfrontingurbansegregation NilsonArielEspino TheRobustCity TonyHall Building the Inclusive City Theory and practice for confronting urban segregation Nilson Ariel Espino Firstpublished2015 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2015NilsonArielEspino TherightofNilsonArielEspinotobeidentifiedasauthorofthisworkhas beenassertedbyhiminaccordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproduced orutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans, nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording, orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissionin writingfromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarks orregisteredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanation withoutintenttoinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Espino,NilsonAriel. Buildingtheinclusivecity:theoryandpracticeforconfronting urbansegregation/NilsonArielEspino. pagescm.--(Routledgeresearchinplanningandurbandesign) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1.Sociology,Urban.2.Segregation.3.Cityplanning.I.Title. HT151.E75742015 307.76--dc23 2014038518 ISBN:978-1-138-81441-7(hbk) ISBN:978-1-315-74749-1(ebk) TypesetinSabon byFishBooks ‘Byengagingwiththespatialdimensionsofinequityandexclusion,thebook shifts the discussion on housing laterally and embeds it more squarely in broader urbanizations and city-making processes. Espino’s experience as a practitioner brings a nuanced voice to the challenges of creating equitable urbanenvironmentsinthefaceoftheuncertaintiesofglobalcapitalandthe disruptionsitcreatesincities.Arefreshingcontributiontotheliteratureon cities – where Espino provokes us to not discuss inclusivity but rather how nottomakeourcitiesexclusive!’ RahulMehrotra,ProfessorandChair,DepartmentofUrbanPlanning andDesign,GraduateSchoolofDesign,HarvardUniversity ‘Asmanycountriesreacttoincreasinglevelsofpolarization,socialexclusion andsegregationbyemphasizingsocialmixpolicies,itisimportanttounder- stand the historical, political and anthropological reasons for our urge to segregate.Onlythenwillwebeabletomakepublicchoicesthatwillhavea chanceofsuccess.Espino’smultidisciplinaryapproachexplainsspatialchoices as resulting from the exercise of power in its communicative and symbolic aspects,addinganecessarylayertotheusualeconomicexplanations. Butthebookismuchmorethanthat.InPartII,dedicatedtoconfronting segregation, Espino evaluates the social costs of segregation and – on the basisofrecentresearch–thepossiblebenefitsofsocialmix,addressingissues such as social networks, peer effects, collective socialization, the culture of poverty, and the indelible scars resulting from living in high-crime areas. It concludes with a few case studies of recent projects in the Americas that promotesocialinclusion.Whatisespeciallywonderfulaboutthebookisthat itiswritteninaneasy,clearandbreezystyle,makingitapleasuretoreadand accessiblenotonlytoprofessionalplannersandpolicy-makers,buttoboth graduateandundergraduatestudentsinavarietyofdisciplines.’ NicoCalavita,ProfessorEmeritus,GraduatePrograminCityPlanning, SanDiegoStateUniversity,co-authorofInclusionaryHousingin InternationalPerspective:AffordableHousing,SocialInclusion andLandValueRecapture ‘Thisisatimelybookononeofthemostpervasiveanddifficultissuesfacing urbanplannersinLatinAmericaandotherpartsoftheworld.Withclarity andeleganceitshedslightonthehistoricalrootsandgeographicalnuances of how and why social groups are separated/segregated in cities. With a refreshinganthropologicalfocusonthespatialexpressionofsociety’spower hierarchiesordifferentials,theauthorpre-emptstheeconomist’softenapol- ogeticaccountoftheinevitabilityofspatialseparationofincomegroups. Broadeningtheviewbeyondthe“dictatorshipofthehighestandbestuse” ofland,thebookdiscussesalternativereasoningformoreinclusionarysocial housing provision. An account is thus presented of the social costs of succumbingtosegregation,butmostrefreshinglyalsoanup-to-datereview ofsometoolsandeffectivepracticesforpromotingresidentialinclusiveness. This richly documented book offers a “must reference” for students of urban residential segregation – which should mean all who are concerned with the pitfalls for the social-economic and political sustainability of our cities.’ MartimSmolka,SeniorFellowandDirector,ProgramonLatinAmerica andtheCaribbean,LincolnInstituteofLandPolicy ‘BuildingtheInclusiveCitypresentsafascinatingoverviewofsocialpower and how power translates into segregated populations and policies around theworld.Lessonsdrawnfromtheoriesinplanning,architecture,sociology, andanthropologyhelptopaintaclearerpictureofwhatwecanknowabout exclusionanddistinctionsinordertomakeanargumentforinclusionwith the aim of achieving higher levels of social equality. We look at clothing, housing and neighborhood development in North America, Europe, China and South America in order to understand the reasons for separation and classdistinctionovertimeandhowthesedistinctionshavebeensolidifiedin our rules, regulations, policies and laws. This book then asks and demon- strates, given this tendency toward separations and class distinctions of populations, what interventions could be used to bring them back together to help build a rich tapestry of neighborhoods that embrace inclusiveness. Pushingthisquestiononestepfurther,thisbooktouchesonanotherkeyidea – the size of businesses and the problem of spatial monopolies in cities and whether we need to consider managing not only the mix of residences, but alsothemixofbusinessestoprotectvibranciesofstreetlife,smallbusinesses and natural mixing of populations that can occur. At play is the larger questionforplanners,architects,andpolicy-makers:Canwebegintounder- standhowweexcludeusingtoolssuchaszoning,evictions,regulations,and laws,andifso,canwerethinkouruseofthesetoolsinordertocreateafiner grain of mixes of populations and business in order to develop inclusive, diverseandvibrantcities?’ CherieMiotAbbanat,Lecturer,DepartmentofUrbanStudiesand Planning,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology Planning and design are the tool of power, or they are a kind of science fiction. Lisa R. Peattie1 For Miguel Ángel and Adrián Francisco Contents Listoffigures xi Acknowledgments xii Introduction 1 PARTI Social power and urban space 9 1 Power and difference 11 2 Types of power 14 3 Power and urban form: style 18 4 Power and urban form: location 27 5 Power and urban segregation: a brief historical review 35 6 Power and urban segregation: the contemporary context 46 7 Power and land markets 51 PARTII Confronting segregation 57 8 Segregation and urban economies 59 9 Social benefits of urban segregation 64 10 Social costs of urban segregation 77 11 Searching for inclusionary development patterns and public policies 102 12 Notes on selected case studies 125
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