Building Construction

66 Pages·1.974 MB·English

by  Meuli Christian.

Impressum
First edition: 2000, 1000 copies
Author: Christian Meuli
Karl Wehrle
Heini Müller
Heini Pfiffner
Illustrations: Markus Mächler
Published by: SKAT, Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation
in Technology and Management
Copyright: © SKAT, 2000
Comments: Please send any comments concerning this publication to:
SKAT
Vadianstrasse 42
CH-9000 St.Gallen, Switzerland
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
e-mail: [email protected]
Photos: SDC, Lesotho
HELVETAS, Lesotho, Nepal
Heini Müller, Nepal
Printed by: Niedermann Druck, St.Gallen, Switzerland
ISBN: 3-908001-95-1
Foreword
Context
Access to adequate water, sanitation, drainage and solid waste disposal are four in-
ter-related basic needs which impact significantly on socio-economic development and
quality of life. The number of people around the world who still do not have access
to these basic facilities, despite enormous global effort over more than two decades,
provides sufficient evidence that conventional approaches and solutions alone are
unable to make a sufficient dent in the service backlog which still exists. Numerous
initiatives are ongoing at different levels to improve strategies, technologies, institu-
tional arrangements, socio-cultural anchorage, and cost effectiveness, all to enhance
efficiency and, eventually, to have an impact on the sector's goals. In addition, the
ever-increasing scarcity of water brings policymakers together to find solutions to the
challenge of water resource management. This series of manuals is intended as a
contribution to these efforts.
Background
The decision to produce this series of manual was prompted by the positive experi-
ence gained with a practical manual based on the experience of Helvetas (a Swiss
NGO) during the 1970s in Cameroon, which has become outdated with the pas-
sage of time. SDC (the Swiss Agency for Development and Co-operation) supported
SKAT's initiative to produce this series, working with professionals with longstanding
practical experience in the implementation of rural water supply projects. Lessons
learnt during the workshops held by AGUASAN (an interdisciplinary working group
of water and sanitation professionals from Swiss development and research organi-
sations) over the last 14 years have been included where appropriate. In particular,
there is an emphasis on documenting and illustrating practical experiences from all
regions of the world.
The Manuals
As can be seen from the table below, this series of manuals is primarily aimed at
project mangers, engineers and technicians. However, given the wide range of sub-
jects covered, it is also an important working tool for all actors in the sector, rang-
ing from those involved with policy development to those constructing systems at
village level. The series has a clear focus on water supply in rural settings. It pro-
poses technologies with due consideration for socio-cultural, economic, institutional
and regulatory requirements. This approach is in keeping with the SDC water and
sanitation policy, emphasising the balanced development approach leading to sus-
tainable programmes and projects.
It should be noted that the present series deals almost exclusively with water sup-
ply. The importance of sanitation is however clearly established in Volume 1, which
deals predominantly with the software aspects necessary to achieve an impact. It
includes some proposals for optional tools, approaches and institutional arrangements
and is intended as an overall introduction to the other, more technical, volumes of
the series.
Some final comments
The water and sanitation sector is constantly evolving. We would welcome any que-
ries, comments or suggestions you might have. Your feedback will be made avail-
able to other interested users of the manuals.
Finally, we hope that these manuals will be useful for the practitioner in the field
as well as for the planner in the office. If the series can be a contribution to provid-
ing water to more people in need on a sustainable basis, we will have achieved
our goal.
The production of this series has only been possible through the continuous sup-
port of colleagues from all over the world. Our sincere thanks to all of them.
Armon Hartmann Karl Wehrle
Head of Water & Infrastructure Division Head of Water & Construction Division
Swiss Agency for Development Co-operation SKAT
Contents
Contents
1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 1
2. Basic Information and Selection Criteria of Building Materials ....... 3
2.0 General remarks .......................................................................................................3
2.1 Stones........................................................................................................................3
2.1.0 General ........................................................................................................................ 3
2.1.1 Classification ................................................................................................................ 3
2.1.2 Selection ...................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Testing ......................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Gravel, sand, silt and clay ........................................................................................4
2.2.0 General remarks .......................................................................................................... 4
2.2.1 Characteristics ............................................................................................................. 4
2.2.2 Testing of sand and gravel ........................................................................................... 5
2.3 Cement ......................................................................................................................8
2.3.0 General ........................................................................................................................ 8
2.3.1 Hydration...................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.2 Density, volume and mass........................................................................................... 8
2.3.3 Storage of cement ....................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Other binders ............................................................................................................9
2.4.0 General ........................................................................................................................ 9
2.4.1 Pozzolanas.................................................................................................................... 9
2.4.2 Limes ..........................................................................................................................10
2.5 Burned bricks ..........................................................................................................10
2.5.0 General .......................................................................................................................10
2.5.1 Bricks ..........................................................................................................................10
2.5.2 Quality control.............................................................................................................11
2.6 Concrete blocks ...................................................................................................... 11
2.6.0 General .......................................................................................................................11
2.6.1 Solid and hollow concrete block .................................................................................11
2.6.2 Production process .................................................................................................... 12
2.6.3 Construction...............................................................................................................12
2.6.4 Quality control............................................................................................................12
2.7 Wood and timber ...................................................................................................12
2.7.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 12
2.7.1 Growth characteristics ............................................................................................... 13
2.7.2 Types and properties of timber .................................................................................. 13
2.7.3 Timber preservation and seasoning ........................................................................... 14
2.8 Bamboo ...................................................................................................................15
2.8.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 15
2.8.1 Application of bamboo in a water supply system ...................................................... 15
2.8.2 Advantages and disadvantages of bamboo ............................................................... 16
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Building Construction
3. Site Management ............................................................................ 17
3.0 General ....................................................................................................................17
3.1 Preliminaries on site...............................................................................................17
3.1.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.1 Setting up a work camp ............................................................................................. 18
3.1.2 Work planning ............................................................................................................ 18
3.2 Site Management ...................................................................................................18
3.2.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.1 Preparation before construction ................................................................................. 19
3.2.2 Implementation.......................................................................................................... 19
3.2.3 Reporting ................................................................................................................... 20
3.3 Setting out ..............................................................................................................20
3.3.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 20
3.3.1 Measuring of distances ............................................................................................. 20
3.3.2 Setting out of angles.................................................................................................. 20
3.3.3 Setting out of levels ................................................................................................... 21
3.3.4 Setting out of buildings .............................................................................................. 21
4. Excavation and Backfilling.............................................................. 23
4.0 General ....................................................................................................................23
4.1 For trenches ............................................................................................................23
4.1.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.1 Permissible slope ....................................................................................................... 23
4.1.2 Boundary rods............................................................................................................ 24
4.1.3 Depth of the trenches................................................................................................ 24
4.1.4 Width of the trench.................................................................................................... 26
4.1.5 Trench strutting ..........................................................................................................2 6
4.1.6 Backfilling ................................................................................................................... 28
4.2 At tank sites............................................................................................................29
4.2.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 29
5. Foundation ...................................................................................... 31
5.0 General ....................................................................................................................31
5.1 Types of foundations at water supply structures ...............................................31
5.1.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 31
5.1.1 Bearing capacity......................................................................................................... 31
5.1.2 Size of foundation ...................................................................................................... 32
5.1.3 Strip foundation.......................................................................................................... 32
5.1.4 Slab foundation .......................................................................................................... 32
5.1.5 General rules for foundation construction .................................................................. 32
5.2 Special foundations ...............................................................................................34
5.2.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 34
5.2.1 Foundation on uneven ground ................................................................................... 34
5.2.2 Foundation on steep slopes....................................................................................... 34
6. Masonry Work ................................................................................. 35
6.0 General ....................................................................................................................35
6.1 Cement mortar .......................................................................................................35
6.1.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 35
6.1.1 Mortar mixtures ......................................................................................................... 35
6.1.2 Recommended mortar and plaster mixtures and their use ....................................... 36
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Contents
6.2 Pointing, plastering and topping ..........................................................................37
6.2.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 37
6.2.1 Pointing ...................................................................................................................... 37
6.2.2 Plastering ................................................................................................................... 37
6.2.3 Topping ...................................................................................................................... 39
6.3 Brick and block masonry .......................................................................................40
6.3.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 40
6.3.1 Brick bonding ............................................................................................................. 40
6.3.2 Cement block bonding ............................................................................................... 41
6.3.3 General rules for bricks and cement block masonry (cement hollow blocks) ............ 41
6.4.1 Stone shaping ............................................................................................................ 43
6.4 Stone masonry .......................................................................................................43
6.4.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 43
6.4.2 Stone masonry .......................................................................................................... 45
7. Concrete Work ................................................................................ 47
7.0 General ....................................................................................................................47
7.1 Concrete ..................................................................................................................47
7.1.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 47
7.1.1 Aggregates.................................................................................................................47
7.1.2 Water ......................................................................................................................... 48
7.1.3 Water-cement ratio .................................................................................................... 48
7.1.4 Concrete mixtures ..................................................................................................... 48
7.2 Mixing and processing of concrete ......................................................................49
7.2.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 49
7.2.1 Hand mixing ............................................................................................................... 49
7.2.2 Machine mixing.......................................................................................................... 50
7.2.3 Processing of concrete .............................................................................................. 50
7.3 Quality of concrete .................................................................................................51
7.3.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 51
7.3.1 Cube test ................................................................................................................... 51
7.3.2 Rebound hammer test ............................................................................................... 51
7.4 Reinforced concrete................................................................................................52
7.4.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 52
7.4.1 Reinforcement ........................................................................................................... 52
7.4.2 Form work..................................................................................................................53
7.4.3 Precast concrete ........................................................................................................ 53
8. Construction of a Masonry Tank ..................................................... 55
8.1.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 55
8.1.1 Site preparation.......................................................................................................... 55
8.1.2 Construction...............................................................................................................55
8.1.3 Finishing work............................................................................................................ 56
Reference Books .................................................................................... 57
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Building Construction
iv
Introduction
1.
Introduction
The aim of this manual is to describe the variety of social changes, to make effective use of the
work as well as to provide a survey of the types of system, to manage the system, to maintain the
materials used in rural water supply construction. system, to pay for operation and maintenance
Some of the materials and their use are only briefly (ability and willingness).
described. This manual refers in many chapters to
the existing sourcebook on Appropriate Building C.Government interest and capability
Materials, a co-production of SKAT, IT and Gate The key factors are: to provide the legal base
published in 1988; third revised edition 1993. for operation and maintenance (so that for
example sanctions can be applied), to enable
In general a water supply project has to be planned repairs which go beyond the villagers’ capacity,
and constructed with the highest possible quality of to provide long-term controlling and guidance
materials and craftsmanship. support.
The following few key factors determine the long- D.Protection of environment
term sustainability of water supply systems: The key factors are: political, economic, physical
and natural (e.g. deforestation = soil erosion =
decreased ground water)
A.Water supply system
The key factors are: simplicity of design, If these factors are well considered a water supply
availability of local materials, quality of scheme should last for 30 to 50 years without
construction, reliability of supply, acceptability of requiring major repairs or renovation. This manual
supply standards, operation and maintenance provides the information needed to achieve the
friendliness. required high quality of construction, and thereby to
create a long lasting and reliable water supply.
B.Villages capability
The key factors are: to adjust to the required
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Building Construction
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