Table Of ContentAdvances in Atom and Single Molecule Machines
Series Editor: Christian Joachim
Christian Joachim Editor
Building and
Probing Small
for Mechanics
Advances in Atom and Single Molecule Machines
Series Editor
Christian Joachim, GNS, CNRS, Toulouse Cedex, France
Editorial Board
Leonhard Grill, Institut für Chemie, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz,
Steiermark, Austria
Fedor Jelezko, Inst. of Quantum Optics, Ulm Univ, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg,
Germany
Masanori Koshino, Chemistry and Materials, National Institute of Advanced
Industria, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
David Martrou, Nanosciences Group, Centre d’Élaboration de Matériaux et,
Toulouse, France
Tomonobu Nakayama, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
Gwénaël Rapenne, Centre d’Élaboration de Matériaux et, Toulouse, France
Françoise Remacle, Chemistry, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
AdvancesinAtomandSingleMoleculeMachinesisthefirstcomprehensiveseries
of books dealing specifically with single atom and molecule machines. Derived
from a number of long-term European Commission Future and Emerging
Technologies (FET) projects including AtMol, Elfos, Focus, Diamant, Artist,
PAMSandMEMO,volumesinthisseriescomprisetopicalreviews,lecture-course
derived textbooks and re-worked proceedings of workshops.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10425
Christian Joachim
Editor
Building and Probing Small
for Mechanics
123
Editor
Christian Joachim
CEMES-CNRS
Toulouse, France
ISSN 2193-9691 ISSN 2193-9705 (electronic)
Advances in AtomandSingle Molecule Machines
ISBN978-3-030-56776-7 ISBN978-3-030-56777-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56777-4
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Preface
This book was constructed to gather in one unique volume all the current
mechanical machinery miniaturization trends using the gear artifact invented long
agoasthebasic elementarydevice inmechanics. Ittakesbenefitfrom theresearch
activities of the partners of the H2020 FET Open European project “Mechanics
with Molecule(s)” (MEMO, 2018–2021) and also from the first MEMO workshop
“Building & Probing Small” held Place of the Academies in Brussels from March
25–27, 2019.
One technology node after the other, MEMO is exploring the miniaturization
roadmap of mechanics beneficiating from machining tools, micro-lithography,
nano-lithography and certainly synthetic chemistry. The forefront of the MEMO
research is the border between the solid state nanogears down to a few tens of
nanometer indiameter and molecule-gears with diametersup toafew nanometers.
A molecule-gear is a single molecule made exclusively of covalently bound
chemical groups. Here, the scanning tunneling microscope and its atomic scale
manipulationcapabilitiesareplayinganessentialroleisexploring,forexample,the
functioning of a train of molecule-gears as reported in this book. However, not all
thesmallorganicmoleculescanfunctioninthisway,sincemanymoleculesrapidly
diffuselaterallyonasurfaceratherthanrotating.Moreover,andunderexcitations,a
molecule can also be easily detached from its rotational axle. In solution, a
“molecular rotor” is constituted of the chemical groups (or molecule) stabilized
together by weak interactions like van der Waals or hydrogen bond. This was the
main scope of the Brussels March 2019 workshop as exemplified also in this
volume.
Along the volume, we pay attention to provide a good balance between history
of technology, advanced micro & nano-lithography, organic and organo-metallic
chemistry together with experimental surface science and theoretical approach.
Importantly, chapters concerning quantum chemistry of molecule-gears mechanics
openthedesignofnewmoleculemachineryinthetechno-mimeticapproach,inthe
nano-architectronics approach or simply to confirm intuitive approaches of
designing a solid-state nanogear, a molecular gear or a molecule-gear.
v
vi Preface
Themainpartoftheresearchworkspresentedinthisvolumewassupportedby
the European Union Horizon 3792020 FET open project “Mechanics with
Molecule(s)”(MEMO,Grant766864).WethankdeeplytheEuropeancommission
foritsfullsupport.Inaddition,Springer-Natureanditsstaffarealsothankfulforthe
publicationofthisvolume.Theeditorofthisvolumen°13oftheseriesdeeplyrelies
on the MEMO consortium for the finalization of this volume. Thanks to all of the
MEMO partners. A special thanks to Pr. Anne-Sophie Duwez from University of
LiegetohaveorganizedtheBrusselsMarch2019workshopwhichalsoleadstothe
two very nice conclusive chapters.
Toulouse, France Christian Joachim
Contents
From the Anthycytera Astronomical Clock to Single Molecule
Scale Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Christian Joachim
From the Pascaline to a 5-Digits Metallic and Planar Miniature
Mechanical Calculator 1 cm in Lateral Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Pierre Abheillou, Bertrand Gatti, Kevin Froissard, Nicolas Joachim,
and Christian Joachim
Photo-Microlithography Fabrication of the Parts
of a Micro-Mechanical Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Christian Bourgerette, Laure Noé, Sebastien Pinaud,
and Christian Joachim
Fabricating Solid State Gears at the Nanoscale: A Top–Down
Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
D. Mailly and G. Faini
Prototypes of Molecular Gears with an Organometallic Piano-Stool
Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Seifallah Abid, Guillaume Erbland, Claire Kammerer,
and Gwénaël Rapenne
Design and Synthesis of a Nano-winch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
YohanGisbert,AgnèsM.Sirven,GwénaëlRapenne,andClaireKammerer
Chemical Anchoring of Molecular Rotors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Oumaima Aiboudi and Franziska Lissel
Anchoring Molecular Rotors by On-Surface Synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Kwan Ho Au Yeung, Tim Kühne, Frank Eisenhut,
and Francesca Moresco
vii
viii Contents
Transmission of Rotational Motion Between Molecule-Gears. . . . . . . . . 131
W.-H. Soe, S. Srivastava, and C. Joachim
A Simple Example of a Molecule-Gear Train: PF Molecules
3
on a Cu(111) Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
S. Srivastava, W.-H. Soe, and C. Joachim
Mechanical Transmission of Rotation for Molecule Gears
and Solid-State Gears. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Huang-Hsiang Lin, Jonathan Heinze, Alexander Croy, Rafael Gutierrez,
and Gianaurelio Cuniberti
Rotations of Adsorbed Molecules Induced by Tunneling Electrons . . . . 181
N. Lorente and C. Joachim
Motion and Nanomechanical Effects in Supramolecular Catalysts . . . . . 195
Michael Schmittel, Abir Goswami, Indrajit Paul,
and Pronay Kumar Biswas
Five Minutes in the Life of a Molecular Shuttle: Near-Equilibrium
Measurements of Shuttling Dynamics Using Optical Tweezers. . . . . . . . 219
KaterynaM.Lemishko,TeresaNaranjo,EmilioM.Pérez,andBorjaIbarra
From the Anthycytera Astronomical
Clock to Single Molecule Scale
Machinery
ChristianJoachim
Abstract Thehistoricalbackgroundofthisvolume“BuildingandProbingsmallfor
mechanics”oftheSpringer-Natureseries“AdvancesinAtomandSingleMolecule
Machines” is presented to put in context the actual effort towards the construc-
tion of functioning molecular machinery, one molecule per one molecule or in
a supramolecular assemblage. The accent is made on 3 different roots: surface
science, organic chemistry and supramolecular chemistry supported by the recent
progressesinnanolithographyandbythequantumchemistryapproachesandtheir
semi-classicaltrendsformechanicsindesigningandinterpretingthefunctioningof
thefirstmolecule-machines.
· · ·
Keywords Top-down Bottom-up Molecularmachinery Molecule-machines
1 Introduction
Mechanical elementary devices like gears, worms, rods, sliders, pull-tabs, pendu-
lums,ratchets,springsandmotorsarefoundinmanymodernmachinesfunctioning
intransferringamovement,producingworkorcreatinginformation.Someofthem
havebeenincompetitionforperformances,sustainability,robustnessandportability
with electrical machines constructed using electronic devices since the invention
of the vacuum tubes by J. A Fleming in 1904 and of the solid-state transistor by
W. Shockley, J. Bardeen and W. Brattain in 1947. Well before the starting of the
miniaturizationracein1950sfortheelectronicdevices,miniaturizationhavealready
rendermechanicalmachinerymoreandmoreportable,fasterintheirfunctioningand
B
C.Joachim( )
CentreD’ElaborationdeMatériauxetD’ÉtudesStructurales(CEMES),CentreNationaldeLa
RechercheScientifique(CNRS),UniversitédeToulouse,29RueJ.Marvig,BP4347,Toulouse
Cedex31055,France
e-mail:christian.joachim@cemes.fr
InternationalCenterforMaterialsNanoarchitectonics(WPI-MANA),NationalInstitutefor
MaterialSciences(NIMS),1-1Namiki,Tsukuba,Ibaraki305-0044,Japan
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicense 1
toSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020
C.Joachim(ed.),BuildingandProbingSmallforMechanics,AdvancesinAtom
andSingleMoleculeMachines,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56777-4_1
